Can a black hole be explained by Newtonian gravity? In the simple explanation that a black hole appears when a big star
collapses under missing internal pressure and huge gravity, I can't see 
any need to invoke relativity. Is this correct?
 A: The interesting properties of a black hole cannot be explained by Newtonian gravity. The behaviour of bodies with mass and of light is completely different near a compact, massive object if you use Newtonian physics rather than General Relativity.
Features that GR predicts (and which in some cases have now been observationally confirmed) but which Newtonian physics cannot:

*

*Most importantly, an event horizon. In Newtonian physics there is a misleading numerical coincidence that the escape velocity reaches the speed of light at the Schwarzschild radius. But in Newtonian physics you could still escape just by applying a constant thrust. GR predicts that no escape is possible in any circumstances. In fact the "coincidence" that light cannot escape at the same radius that Newtonian physics predicts an escape speed of $c$ only works for light travelling radially. At other angles the light will not escape unless emitted from a larger starting radius where Newtonian physics would predict an escape speed $<c$.


*GR predicts an innermost stable circular orbit. A stable circular orbit would be possible at any radius in Newtonian physics. This behaviour is important for explaining the accretion phenomena observed for black holes in binary systems.


*In GR a particle with some angular momentum and lots of kinetic energy will end up falling into the black hole. In Newtonian physics it will scatter away to infinity.


*Newtonian physics predicts no precession of a two-body elliptical orbit. GR predicts orbital precession. This precession is measured in Mercury and other Solar System bodies, but has now been measured for stellar orbits around the Milky Way's central, supermassive black hole


*Newtonian physics predicts that light travelling close to a massive body has a trajectory that curves by about half the amount predicted by GR. Even stranger effects are predicted close to the black hole including that light can orbit at 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius. Evidence for the former was one of the first tests of GR applied to stars near the Sun. Evidence for the latter is now seen in "pictures" of the black hole at the centre of M87.
The GR approach to gravity is fundamentally and philosophically different to Newtonian gravity. For Newton, gravity is a universal force. In GR, gravity is not a force at all. Freefalling bodies are said to be "inertial". They accelerate, not because a force acts upon them, but because spacetime is curved by the presence of mass (and energy).
In most cases, where Newtonian gravitational fields are weak, the consequences of this difference are small (but measurable - e.g. the orbital precession of Mercury or gravitational time dilation in GPS clocks), but near large, compact masses, like black holes and neutron stars, the differences are stark and unavoidable.
A: By a coincidence, the radius of a "Newtonian black hole" is the same as the radius of the Schwarzschild black hole in general relativity. We demand the escape velocity $v$ to be the speed of light $c$, so the potential energy $GMm/R = mc^2/2$, i.e.
$$ R = \frac{2GM}{c^2} $$
The agreement, especially when it comes to the numerical factor of $2$, is a coincidence. But one must appreciate that these are totally different theories. In particular, there's nothing special about the speed $c$ in the Newtonian (nonrelativistic) gravity. To be specific, objects are always allowed to move faster than $c$ which means that they may always escape the would-be black hole. There are no real black holes (object from which nothing can escape) in Newton's gravity.
A: You can escape from a Newtonian black hole. The escape velocity may be c, but you could still escape at sublight speeds with a powerful enough rocket and enough fuel. By contrast, once you've crossed the event horizon of a real black hole there is nothing you can do to avoid hitting the singularity.
A: Yes, black hole can be explained by newtonian gravity. But with some assumptions.
From Newton equation of energy conservation for free fall from the infinity with initial speed of object equal to zero:
$\large {mc^2=E-\frac{GMm}{R}}$, where $\large {E=\frac{mc^2}{\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}}}$
In assumption of $\large {m=\frac{E}{c^2}}$:
$\large {mc^2=E-\frac{GM}{R}\frac{E}{c^2}}$
or
$\large {mc^2=E-\frac{R_{g*}}{R}{E}}$, where $\large {R_{g*}=GM/c^2}$
so
$\large {mc^2=E\left(1-{R_{g*}}/{R}\right)}$
and
$\large {E=\frac{mc^2}{1-R_{g*}/R}}$
If $R=R_{g*}$, then $E=\infty$, - event horizon of Newtonian black hole
The similar expression in General Relativity:
$\large {E=\frac{mc^2}{\sqrt{1-R_{S}/R}}}$, where $\large {R_{S}=2GM/c^2}$
See also Newtonian Gravity with  no any singularity 
