# Is cause-effect always preserved in relativity?

I guess most of you are familiar with the "paradox" of the train passing through a tunnel smaller than itself on a speed close to the speed of light and 2 guillotines (1 in the exit and 1 in the entrance of the tunnel) going down/up when the train is "fully inside" the tunnel ( http://www.pcbheaven.com/opendir/index.php?show=3550vf5099tla8512e2c ).

I think I fully understand the explanation of this paradox, and I think it's ok for a person in the frame of reference of the train to think that the events are not simultaneous.
But what would happen if, instead of both guillotines being activated at the same time, the entrance guillotine would be activated first and this would cause the activation of the exit guillotine. For instance, when the entrance guillotine is activated, it starts to fall uncovering a light signal that goes to exit guillotine and activate itself. (Remember that the train is running in a speed close to light, let's assume 0.5c, so the signal is faster.)

How would the explanation be in that case in both frames of reference?

• The explanation is the same. If the train can still be fully enclosed in the tunnel from an observer's point of view, then either the tunnel is long enough for the train or the same condition applies. For a short tunnel though, you'll likely have the train hit the front before the back is closed – Jim May 14 '15 at 18:04
• Yes, cause-effect is always preserved in relativity. However I think there are some issues with this "paradox". IMHO there aren't any real paradoxes. When people think there's a paradox, it's because they don't understand something. And this one, which is often called the pole-and-barn paradox, comes up time and time again. – John Duffield May 14 '15 at 20:19
• If event A and event B are in each others light cones for some inertial frame of reference, then there is no inertial frame of reference where they are not in each others light cones (future or past). If they are, then they are possibly but not necessarily related by cause-effect. But if they are not, then there will be some inertial observer that sees them as simultaneous, while other frames of reference will see A before B or B before A depending on their motion (but they would all agree A and B couldn't have caused the other to happen). – Xeren Narcy May 14 '15 at 22:50

Now we want to introduce event C, which occurs when the receiver at the end of the tunnel gets a light signal emitted at A. Both observers will agree that event A happens before event C: the two events are light-like separated. Moreover, both observers will agree on the relative order of B and C, since they are timelike separated. But whether or not B happens before C or vice versa is going to depend on the relative rest lengths of the train and the tunnel, along with the speed at which the train is traveling relative to the tunnel. If the train's length in the tunnel frame is longer than this, it gets chopped in half; if the train's length is shorter, it's trapped inside the tunnel for some period of time (according to the tunnel observer.) If you want to have $v = 0.5 c$, then it's not too hard to see that the events B & C will be simultaneous when the train's length in the tunnel frame is exactly 1/2 the length of the tunnel; this then translates to the train's rest length being about 57.7% ($=\gamma/2$) the length of the tunnel.