Is there evidence to support that the Earth has a molten core? I am told the Earth has an molten core. Is this a theory or has this been proven?
 A: Is there evidence to support that the earth has a molten core?
Yes. We have these things called volcanoes:

;)
A: There is pretty strong evidence falling into groups
Seismological
As transversal waves do not propagate through liquid. By monitoring the travel times and types of seismic waves globally after earth quakes, one can reconstruct the velocity profile for the different kinds of waves in inner of the earth. Then one can see that the transversal waves are reflected (by something that is pretty surely the molten core).
This way, one can even conclude that there is a hard inner core under the molten core (which is in the ongoing process of crystallizing out of the liquid outer core, the released energy is one important source for the convection of the outer core and thus continental drift, the other energy source being radioactive decay of primordial radioactive isotopes).
The Earth Magnetic Field
To my knowledge there is no sensible explanation for the magnetic field of the earth, other than it is created by a conductive fluid that is in convection in the inner of the earth.
There are probably other proofs (e.g. astronomical high-precision measurments of the moon).
A: Shear-waves propagate in solids, but not in liquids. Pressure waves propagate in both. Earthquakes generate both kinds and seismographs can be built which are sensitive to the two kinds separately.
Both kinds of waves have shadows on the opposite side of the Earth, but the differing size and shapes of those shadows show that the outer core is liquid but the inner core is solid.
