# What is meant by the term “single particle state”

In a lot of quantum mechanics lecture notes I've read the author introduces the notion of a so-called single-particle state when discussing non-interacting (or weakly interacting) particles, but none that I have read so far give an explicit explanation as to what is exactly meant by this term.

Is it meant that, in principle, each individual state constituting a multi-particle system can be occupied by a single particle (contrary to an entangled state, where is impossible to "separate" the particles), such that the state as a whole can be de-constructed into a set of sub-states containing only one particle each, and each being described by its own Hamiltonian?

Sorry to ramble, I'm a bit confused on the subject, in particular as I know that more than one particle can occupy a single-particle state (is the point here that the particles can still be attributed their own individual wave functions, and it just so happens that these individual wave functions describe the same state?).

Many particle wavefunctions are generally appallingly complicated objects. One way to get a handle on them is to break them down into simpler parts, understand those parts and then put them back together again. We do this by constructing the space of many particle wavefunctions as either a tensor product space or a Fock space.

An obvious way break down a many particle system is to try to consider what each particle is doing individually. Obviously there will be emergent effects in the many body system due to entanglement that were not present when only considering one particle and for strongly interacting systems this breakdown may not be possible, but often it is the only method we have.

So the single particle states are those states which on their own describe a single particle and from which we construct the full space as a tensor product space (i.e. the tensor product of single particle states and linear combinations thereof) or Fock space.

• so when one says that "two (or more) particles occupy the same single-particle state", is it meant that the two (or more) particles have their own wave-functions, but these wave-functions happen to describe the same state?! – Will Apr 20 '15 at 12:00
• Essentially yes. When people say "two (or more) particles occupy the same single-particle state" they may or may not be implicitly assuming that the states have have been properly symmetrized (or antisymmeturized of fermions)when taking the tensor product. But asside from that yes. – By Symmetry Apr 20 '15 at 12:23
• Not in the context of quantum field theory – ggcg Apr 3 '20 at 11:01

A single-particle state is a state corresponding to a single particle in isolation. In weakly-interacting translation-invariant systems, for example, a particularly useful set of single-particle states are the plane-wave states $\lvert \mathbf{k}\rangle$, corresponding to a single particle with a plane-wave wavefunction $\langle \mathbf{x} \rvert \mathbf{k}\rangle \propto \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}}$. Now, if one considers two distinguishable particles, it is possible for both to occupy the same single-particle state, in which case one would write the two-particle state as $\lvert \mathbf{k}\rangle \lvert \mathbf{k}\rangle$, which really means the tensor product $\lvert \mathbf{k}\rangle \otimes\lvert \mathbf{k}\rangle$. Such tensor products of single-particle states form a complete basis for the two-particle Hilbert space, so that the most general two-particle state (for distinguishable particles) can be written $$\lvert \psi_2\rangle = \sum_{\mathbf{k}_1,\mathbf{k}_2} a(\mathbf{k}_1,\mathbf{k}_2) \lvert \mathbf{k}_1\rangle \lvert \mathbf{k}_2\rangle,$$ where the coefficients $a(\mathbf{k}_1,\mathbf{k}_2)$ are probability amplitudes for finding particle 1 with wavevector $\mathbf{k}_1$ and particle 2 with wavevector $\mathbf{k}_2$. Note that this general form includes all entangled states, where it is not possible to write down a wave function describing particle 1 or 2 alone.

This generalises straightforwardly to $N$-particle systems. A basis for the $N$-particle Hilbert space is given by an $N$-fold tensor product of single-particle states. These single-particle states do not have to be plane waves, they could be whatever you want. When you consider indistinguishable particles, you also have to take into account the bosonic (fermionic) exchange (anti-)symmetry. This is achievable by including only (anti-)symmetrised combinations of single-particle states in the basis set.

• Hello. I' d say this is a pretty helpful answer. Thanks. May I ask if there would be any reason to speak of single-particle states in classical statistical mechanics(classical ideal gas, for example)? Thank you. – Constantine Black Aug 21 '15 at 10:23

In a physics of nuclear structure, by the term single particle state is typically understood an excitation, that can be attributed mostly to one proton or one neutron that jumped to a higher orbit. Contrary to collective excitation or collective state, which is an excited level, that many nucleons participate in.

• Proton or neutron in a higher orbit. What about the electron? – ggcg Apr 1 '20 at 23:21
• If a typical distance in nucleus is 1fm an electron is normally 100000 fm away. Even if it appears near the nucleus, it doesnt influence. It may be however consumed in a certain type of beta decay. – jaromrax Apr 3 '20 at 9:35
• However these are not particles they are bundles of quarks so one nucleon is a multi particle state. – ggcg Apr 3 '20 at 11:03

The answer will be completely different in the context of Quantum Mechanics versus Quantum Field Theory. In QM we start with a classical particle system and quantize it. In field theory we start with a classical field and quantize it. In the former view of thing you need one wave function for each particle. In QFT the Fourier modes of the field behave as harmonic oscillators with annihilation and creation operators that are a function of wave number, polarization, and other properties of the classical field. The total field is a sum over these modes. The states are indexed by occupation number. A single particle state is simple a state with a single value of each classical parameter, k, e, etc.

You will get different answers from a solid state theorist versus a particle physicist. For example in the free field theory a single filed can have stated with n quanta, each interpreted as a "particle" in some sense. For example the electromagnetic field as an operator does not have any occurrences of annihilation or creation operators raised to a power, it is linear in both. But there is a superposition over all possible modes, in infinite series. Consequently the expectation value of A, E or B in any single particle state vanishes by orthogonality. One needs to generate a state with some of all quanta just to make a field.

It means a single particle Schrödinger equation determines the behavior of the particle. The only time a particle is in a single-particle state in an N particle system is when there are no interactions between particles - i.e., in an ideal gas. In the real world single particle states are always an approximation. E.g., wave functions of electrons in atoms ignore the details of the interactions between atoms.