# How to calculate the radiation impedance of the horn loudspeaker?

The mouth of the horn is circular and there are many models in order to approximate the radiation impedance, such as:

1. massless circular piston in an infinite baffle,
2. unbaffled massless piston,(planar piston in end of a long tube,)
3. spherical cap vibrating in a sphere, and so on.

What's the most appropriate model thatcan be used to calculate the radiation impedance of the horn?

Obviously, piston in an infinite baffle is the simplest one, but the radius of the piston seems to be some fractions of the mouth radius. (I don't know exactly,what's the ratio between the massless-piston radius and the mouth radius)

The unbaffled massless piston, or a planar piston at the end of a long tube, is very hard to calculate. (H. Levine and J. Schwinger: "On the Radiation Sound from an Unflanged Circular Pipe" . Honestly, I cannot understand this one at all, is there any simpler explanation or calculation for this model?

is there any paper discussing or comparing these models? does anyone have any good articles?

$$Z = \rho_0 c_0\pi R^2 \left(1 - \frac{J_1(2kR)}{kR} - i\frac{H_1(2kR)}{kR} \right)$$
$$Z \approx \rho_0c_0\pi R^2 \frac{(kR)^2}{2}+i\omega\rho_0\pi R^2\frac{8R}{3\pi} \ , \ for\ kR<<1$$