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My understanding is that stellar fusion naturally stops at iron because it is energetically unfavourable to grow the nucleus further.

But iron is only the third most tightly-bound nucleus, nickel is number one, so shouldn't iron favourably fuse with helium?

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    $\begingroup$ I cannot answer your question, but I think this page may help you: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-62 $\endgroup$ Commented Mar 3, 2015 at 20:59
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    $\begingroup$ Who says it doesn't fuse? $\endgroup$
    – Kyle Kanos
    Commented Mar 3, 2015 at 22:00

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The iron-peak elements are mostly the product of alpha capture reactions onto nuclei that begin with a similar number of neutrons and protons ($Z = N$).

The nuclear burning associated with carbon and oxygen (in type Ia supernovae) or silicon (in the cores of massive stars at the ends of their lives) is very fast or even explosive. The important reactions in determining the immediate final products are those that proceed on fast timescales.

In these cases, there is a competition between alpha capture and photodisintegration with the constraint that $Z \simeq N$, since weak, flavour-changing reactions are generally too slow to move the neutron/proton ratio far from unity before an equilibrium has been reached between alpha capture and photodisintegration.

Subject to these constraints, then $^{56}$Ni turns out to be the most stable nucleus. Further alpha captures to $^{60}$Zn (or beyond) are not favored$^*$, because the higher temperatures that would be required to overcome the greater Coulomb barrier results in photodisintegration to smaller nuclei.

Hence there is no easy route to $^{62}$Ni.

The fact that $^{56}$Fe dominates the iron-peak element abundances that are seen in the atmospheres of stars and the interstellar medium is because the $^{56}$Ni in supernovae ejecta decays to $^{56}$Co and then $^{56}$Fe on half-lives of 6 and 77 days respectively. Inside the dense core of a massive star then electron capture by $^{56}$Ni can be more rapid, but still results in $^{56}$Fe.

$*$ Note that alpha capture onto $^{56}$Ni is still energetically favourable in isolation. However, in a core made of $^{56}$Ni, then the alpha particle has to be stripped off a $^{56}$Ni nucleus first, and the net rearrangement of nucleons would be endothermic.

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  • $\begingroup$ Regarding Fe-56 in the interstellar medium I understand the explanation. For Fe-56 to dominate in stars, the half-lives of 6 and 77 days respectively might be too long if the Si-burning phase only lasts a few days. I would like to find information about the (shorter?) half-lives of Ni-56 and Co-56 under the conditions of an Si-burning stellar core. This would change my (incorrect?) idea that weak decay rates are insensitive to external conditions. $\endgroup$
    – gamma1954
    Commented May 7, 2015 at 22:45
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    $\begingroup$ @gamma1954 The rates of weak interactions are certainly dependent on the external conditions. beta decay can be blocked by electron degeneracy for example. It could well be that the electron capture rates are very enhanced when the electron density is high. I'm not sure you are following my argument. The Fe we see in stars was produced in type Ia and II supernovae - not formed within those stars. We don't "see" what's in the core of a massive star at the end of its life and most of it ends up in a neutron star or black hole. $\endgroup$
    – ProfRob
    Commented May 7, 2015 at 23:09
  • $\begingroup$ Thank you for clarifying: the iron we see in stellar atmospheres was produced in supernovae of other stars. I knew it, but misinterpreted your answer. Dredge-up processes may reveal elements like technetium being formed within a star, but they do not have the time to reveal iron production. $\endgroup$
    – gamma1954
    Commented May 8, 2015 at 8:16
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$^{56}Ni$ is produced in silicon-fusion stars. The fusion process doesn't "stop" at $Fe$. Several A=56 nuclides show up. See the Wiki-pedia article on :Silicon burning.

Also, Introductory Nuclear Physics by Krane, Chapter 19, Section 4.

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  • $\begingroup$ Any idea why Fe is so often quoted as being the stop point? $\endgroup$
    – spraff
    Commented Mar 4, 2015 at 19:53
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    $\begingroup$ After looking at some mass tables, I'm puzzled at your assertion regarding which nuclide is most tightly bound. What two nuclides do you think are more tightly bound than $^{56}Fe$? I'm having trouble finding them. EDIT: Never mind. I found them. Ni-62 and Fe-58. It has to do with whether an alpha reaction can get to those two nuclei within the star. I'll have to do some calculations. $\endgroup$
    – Bill N
    Commented Mar 4, 2015 at 20:37
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From Wikipedia:

Because the nuclear force is stronger than the Coulomb force for atomic nuclei smaller than iron and nickel, building up these nuclei from lighter nuclei by fusion releases the extra energy from the net attraction of these particles. For larger nuclei, however, no energy is released, since the nuclear force is short-range and cannot continue to act across still larger atomic nuclei. Thus, energy is no longer released when such nuclei are made by fusion; instead, energy is absorbed in such processes.

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