The raindrops reflecting a certain color (say, red) are a CONE with your eye at its apex and where the axis of the cone is a line passing through the sun. The raindrops reflecting a different color (say, blue) are a different cone-- with the same apex and axis but a slightly different angle.
In other words, If you look through a straw towards a red point on a rainbow, you are usually looking at many different raindrops -- some closer and some farther, ever changing -- but all of those raindrops are tinted red. That's because the sun is effectively infinitely far away, so the angle from your eye to the raindrop to the sun is the same whether the raindrop is close or far, as long as you are looking through that straw pointed in a fixed direction.
The drawing is misleading. Only one plane is illustrated so that you can see what's going on. But the raindrops in any other plane would also show the rainbow pattern. (Of course, you would not see the pattern from far-away raindrops if they are obstructed by closer-by raindrops.)
If you want to explain the relative brightness of the different parts of the rainbow, you're best off thinking about the spectrum of sunlight, the sensitivity of the human eye to different colors, the tendency for blue and (especially) violet light to get Rayleigh-scattered by air molecules before they reach the raindrop, etc. It's not really related to the first part of your question.
