Transformation of $q_k$ and $p_k$ from invariance of Hamiltonian

Question

This is a step in Nakahara's Geometry, Topology and Physics, 2nd edition, 2003, on pages 7-8:

Given that $q_k ' = q_k +\epsilon f_k(q)$, we have that

$$\Lambda_{ij} = \frac{\partial q_i'}{\partial q_j} \simeq \delta_{ij} + \epsilon\frac{\partial f_i(q)}{\partial q_j}.$$

1. First off, why is there an approximate equality? There are no terms left when we take the derivative of $q_k'$...?

2. It is stated that the momentum $p_k'$ transforms as $$ p_i \rightarrow \sum_j p_j\Lambda_{ji}^{-1} \simeq p_i- \epsilon \sum_j p_j \frac{\partial f_j}{\partial q_i};$$ Is this obvious? Where can I derive this?

Answer 1

1. The approximate equality is intended to remind you that Nakahara considers transformations with an infinitesimal parameter $\epsilon$ here, but you could as well take it as a full equality, it doesn't matter.

2. The phase space is a cotangent bundle, where the coordinate $x$ are coordinates of the underlying manifold and the momenta $p$ lie in the cotangent space. By definition, elements of the cotangent space transform with the inverse Jacobian of a coordinate transformation.