Does uniform distribution of background matter affect the dynamics of a gravitational system? Situation 1: A test particle of mass m moves around a big mass M in a Keplerian orbit. The orbital period is easily found, given certain initial conditions.
Situation 2: The same system of two bodies M and m, starts interacting under the same initial conditions as in the previous case. However, all of the space now is filled with a uniform distribution of background "dark matter" (density does not depend on position and is not very high, so that recourse to General Relativity is not needed). This background might affect m and M only gravitationally (i.e., there is no dissipation). Will the orbital period of m change?
I encounter a paradox here. Thinking on a primitive level, the mass inside the orbit is increased in the Situation 2 due to the background matter, so the motion must be different now. On the other hand, in the Situation 2 the gravitational potential in each point is changed only by a constant in comparison with Situation 1, so it cannot affect the dynamics, as this constant difference vanishes when taking the gradient to calculate forces.
 A: The short answer is that a uniform matter distribution with Newtonian mechanics is an ill defined mathematical problem. The reason is equivalent to why $ \int_{-\infty}^\infty |x|^{-1/2} dx$  is not defined: you only get a value with additional structure (e.g. a zero-point, or a rule for regularizing non-absolutely convergent series).
While a uniform mass density cannot have a uniform gravitational field, you can find solutions that satisfy Gauss law, but they are non-uniform field solutions, that is, solution in which the uniform background does affect the dynamics (non-zero gravitational force).
For more details see the answers to this question and the references inside it. 
A: Of course it does. A mass moving trough a constant distribution of other masses will accelerate them and create a kind of gravitational wake. As a result it will lose velocity relative to this background. Read up on the Virial theorem and its importance for the dynamics of galaxies: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem
A: Also in simple terms.  In a universe that is infinite with a uniform distribution of dark matter you are always in the center of that distribution.  Gravity in a spherical shell, if you work it out, always goes to zero inside a spherical shell.  This is why gravity in the earth doesn't go to infinity.  Approaching the earth gravity increases with distance by 1/r^2.  However, when we reach the earth and pass through the outer spherical shell of matter, the gravity from that shell now cancels.  The volume of that matter decreases as a function of r^3.  The result after you do the math is a linear decrease in gravity till it goes to zero in the center of the earth.  An infinite universe of evenly distributed matter with no defined center contributes zero gravity everywhere because you are always in the center of a sphere.  This might make us question if such an infinity can truly exist.  
