# Massless integrals in dim-reg

Consider the massless divergent integral $$\int dk^4 \frac{1}{k^2},$$ which occurs in QFT. We can't regularize this integral with dim-reg; the continuation from the massive to the massless case is ill-defined. It can be shown, however, that no "inconsistencies" occur if $$\int dk^4 \frac{1}{k^2} "=" 0.$$ I think this is the now proven 't Hooft-Veltman conjecture. I don't understand this "equation". The integral is certainly not zero (although inconsistencies might occur in dim-reg if it weren't treated as zero in some contexts.)

Suppose I think about $\lambda\phi^4$ theory, with no bare mass for the field. Is it reasonable to claim that I will chose dim-reg and calculate the one-loop correction to the mass as $$\delta m^2 \propto \int dk^4 \frac{1}{k^2} = 0 \qquad ?$$ Such that the particle stays massless, with no fine-tuning. I think this is simply incorrect - an unreasonable application of the 't Hooft-Veltman conjecture (I've no reason to worry about the consistency of dim-reg because I'm not regulating any integrals with it). Surely the 't Hooft-Veltman conjecture can only be applied in particular contexts? I can't start making any calculation in QFT, see an integral such as $$\int dk^n \frac{1}{k^a} = 0 \text{ for n>a},$$ and set it zero, citing dim-reg and 't Hooft-Veltman?

P.S. This is not a straw man. I read people saying such things in the context of classical scale invariance.

The problem with such an integral is that it is both UV and IR divergent. We therefore need to introduce two regulators (to regulate both divergences). To regulate the UV divergence, we use dimreg. To regulate the IR divergence, we give the particle a mass and then take the massless limit. Doing both of them, the integral becomes $$I = \lim_{m^2 \to 0} \int d^d k \frac{1}{k^2 - m^2 + i \varepsilon}$$ We can now Wick rotate and we get (I won't keep track of overall constants) $$I \sim \int d^d k_E \frac{1}{k_E^2 + m^2} = \Omega_{d-2} \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{k_E^{d-1} d k_E}{k_E^2 + m^2} \sim m^2 \left[\frac{2}{\epsilon} + \log \frac{m^2}{\mu^2} + {\cal O}(\epsilon) \right]$$ Now, we take the massless limit to make the integral well-defined and we get $$I = 0$$

More generally, it is easy to show (just using dimensional analysis) that if we introduce the mass to regulate the IR divergence $$\int d^n k \frac{1}{k^a} = \lim_{m^2 \to 0} \int d^n k \frac{1}{\left( k^2 - m^2 \right)^{a/2}} \propto \lim_{m^2 \to 0} m^{n-a}$$ Thus, as long as $n > a$, this limit gives us 0.

• Thanks for answering. But the addition of a finite mass in the denominator is unsatisfactory. The limits $m\to0$ and $\epsilon\to0$ don't commute, so the result is ambiguous at best. – innisfree Sep 20 '14 at 15:51
• You can't do the massless integral with dim-reg. We just have the 't Hooft-Veltman conjecture. – innisfree Sep 20 '14 at 15:52
• What if I use the "prescription" to regulate the UV first and then regulate the IR (...one problem at a time?) – Siva Sep 20 '14 at 15:57
• @Siva I think you mean IR then UV, i.e. $m\to0$ first? Well, I suppose it works, but it's not much different form the conjecture no inconsistencies arise if set massless integrals to zero. – innisfree Sep 20 '14 at 16:12
• Btw, the integrals I am most interested in are the corrections to the mass, which don't have IR divgerences. – innisfree Sep 20 '14 at 16:28

Like OP says, using dimensional regularization to wave away the naturalness problem would be quite reckless. I will elaborate below:

Case 1: If you honestly believe that there is no new degree of freedom beyond the standard model (at least till the Planck scale, where all hell might break loose, for all you care) AND you believe in the 't Hooft-Veltman conjecture (as stated in the question) then you might claim that there is no hierarchy problem since there cannot be any divergent contributions.

Case 2: However, note that dimensional regularization gets rid of infinite pieces, not large constant pieces. So, if you had any new degree of freedom in your theory, entering at some mass scale $\Lambda$, then you might see the integral get cut-off at that scale in the UV -- then no conjecture will save you and you have a large finite contribution of order $\lambda \Lambda^2$, which is the essence of the naturalness problem.

Personally, Case-1 seems extremely unlikely to me, but this hasn't been proven wrong. If you pragmatically worry about having more/new degrees of freedom at higher energies that will talk to your scalar field (Even if they're not directly coupled, they might talk through gravity, for all I care :-?) then you have to come up with some mechanism (other than Case-1) to solve the naturalness problem.

• Thanks, but to be honest, I'm looking for a more specific, detailed critique of the application of dim-reg in classically massless $\phi^4$ theory. – innisfree Sep 20 '14 at 17:25
• Ah, I see. I don't have a general picture of the kind of applications you're talking about. Some links might help. – Siva Sep 20 '14 at 18:25
• Observation: When the higgs mass is set to zero, the SM is classically scale invariant. So, the question is, can that symmetry be broken quantum mechanically, and if so, will it be suppressed in any manner. – Siva Sep 21 '14 at 4:16