What is a flat rotation curve? Was reading about dark matter and the distribution of it throughout the galaxy. it said "For example, if rotation curves are flat this means-" what exactly does this mean?
 A: When you look at an image of a galaxy like our own, you can see that most of the visible mass is concentrated in the core and that the density of stars in this core region is approximately constant:

So let's compute the expected rotation curve.
The orbital velocity of a star at a distance $r$ from the centre of the galaxy is
$$ v=\sqrt{M(r)/r} $$
where $M$ is the mass of the galaxy inside the orbit $r$, and I've taken $G=1$. 
Now let's pick a radius $r$ that is somewhere within the core region. Since the density $\rho$ (mass per unit area) is roughly constant in this region, the mass $M$ inside $r$ will be
approximately
$$ M(r)=\pi r^2\rho\qquad\mathrm{(core)} $$
And so the orbital velocity in the core region will scale as:
$$ v\sim\sqrt{r^2/r}=\sqrt{r}\qquad\mathrm{(core)} $$
Now pick a radius $r$ far outside the core. Since the vast majority of the inner mass $M$ is contained within the core, then as we increase $r$ the mass $M$ will remain roughly constant. The velocity will therefore drop off as
$$ v\sim 1/\sqrt{r}\qquad\mathrm{(outer)} $$
Plotting these two limiting cases ($\sqrt{r}$ in blue, $1/\sqrt{r}$ in red, and a 'hybrid' dashed):

we can see the sort of shape the rotation curve should have. However, the actual observed curve is roughly flat as $r$ increases outside of the core region:

This tells us that there is more mass than we can see (i.e. dark matter). Also, from the equation $v=\sqrt{M/r}$, we can see that this is only possible if the mass $M$ increases roughly linearly with $r$.

