# Asymmetry in magnetic field direction of an electric wire

The simplest magnetic field is that of an infinitely long wire with uniform current. It does enjoy radial symmetry about the wire and has the variation as 1/r.

To find the direction of the resulting magnetic field you use the right hand grip rule (for conventional current). This rule repeats the experimental fact. But it is a asymmetry. We get a bit less asymmetry calculating the magnetic field for a "anti"wire with positrons. Now we have to use the left hand grip rule.

Where this asymmetry comes from?

• Assuming you define current as the direction which positive charge moves, there is no assymetry. If your charge carriers are negatively charged, then you must use $I \to -I$. The magnetic field generated by this current still obeys the right hand rule, so there is no asymmetry. – Ultima Aug 21 '14 at 6:46
• A hand rule is always a asymmetry. Imagine you look on falling water from the high and you see the water is falling on a platform. And you discover that the water all is sliding from this platform to the right. You have to conclude that there is an asymmetry. And you are right. Climbing down you see that the platform is inclined to the right. – HolgerFiedler Aug 21 '14 at 8:06
• Forget wire, use single electron moving in space. Do you think there is asymmetry in this case? – Asphir Dom Jan 11 '15 at 2:01
• @Asphir Dom I found an explanation and posted it here – HolgerFiedler Jan 11 '15 at 7:09

There must be a handedness to the magnetic field - it circulates around the wire and our field description demands we assign a direction to it.

That direction ultimately comes from the definition of the direction of curl in Ampere's law; or to put another way, when you evaluate a closed line integral - which is related to the curl by Stokes' theorem - you have to go a particular way around the circuit - the right hand rule.

I suppose this boils down to the fact that when you do a vector product there are actually two opposite directions that can be defined by any other two vectors - perpendicular to these other two vectors but in opposite directions. We have to choose one, and convention dictates it is the right hand rule that determines it.

• Using a compass needle how the needle will be directed to the wire. What happens when we switch the current direction and approach the needle again to the wire? – HolgerFiedler Aug 21 '14 at 10:13
• The needle will not be directed "to the wire", it will be at right angles to the wire. If you reverse the current then the needle direction reverses. – Rob Jeffries Aug 21 '14 at 10:21

There is no asymmetry, for any observable quantity, because you'll always use the right hand rule twice to get an observable answer.

For example, we might want to compute the acceleration of a charged particle near this wire. The force on the particle uses it once, since $\mathbf{F} \propto \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}$, and the magnetic field is given by the Biot-Savart law, $$\mathbf{B} \propto \int \frac{I d\mathbf{s} \times \mathbf{r}}{r^3}$$ If you instead used your left hand, $\mathbf{B}$ would be flipped, but $\mathbf{F}$ would stay the same. So the right hand rule is asymmetric but ultimately arbitrary.

You might not believe this -- after all, can't we figure out which way $\mathbf{B}$ really points by using a compass? Nope. We know which way the force points. Then we arbitrarily paint one side of the needle red, using the same freedom we had to choose either the right or left hand rule.

One more thing: why do we have to use asymmetric math to describe a symmetric situation? Here, the asymmetry comes from the cross product. It turns out we don't need the cross product at all -- we can instead use a mathematical construct called the wedge product, which takes two vectors and outputs a 'bivector'. Bivectors require no handedness rules to construct; geometrically, they're essentially the parallelgram that the two vectors make.

By a lucky coincidence, because we live in three dimensions, it's possible to associate every bivector with a vector -- but doing so requires one arbitrary choice of direction. We don't actually need to use a vector at all, but doing so prevents textbooks from having to introduce extra math.