What's the relationship between uncertainty principle and symplectic groups? What's the relationship between uncertainty principle and symplectic groups?  Does the symplectic groups mathematically capture anything fundamental about uncertainty principle?
 A: Yes, of course, symplectic groups describe generalized situations that reveal the uncertainty principle.
The reason for the relationship is that the symplectic groups are defined by preserving an antisymmetric bilinear invariant,
$$ M A M^T = A $$
where $M$ is a matrix included into the symplectic group is the equation holds and $A$ is a non-singular antisymmetric matrix.
Where does the uncertainty principle enter? It enters because $A$ may be understood to be the commutator (or Poisson bracket) of the basic coordinates $x_i,p_i$ on the phase space. If we summarize $N$ coordinates $x_i$ and $N$ coordinates $p_i$ into a $2N$-dimensional space with coordinates $q_m$, their commutators are
$$ [q_m,q_n] = A_{mn} $$
with an antisymmetric matrix $A$. Consequently, the symplectic transformations may be defined as the group of all linear transformations mixing $x_i,p_i$, the coordinates of the phase space, that preserve the commutator i.e. all the uncertainty relations between the coordinates $q_m$.
Curved, nonlinear generalizations of these spaces are known as "symplectic manifolds" and nonlinear generalizations of the symplectic transformations above are known as "canonical transformations".
I think it doesn't make sense to talk about this relationship too much beyond the comments above because the relationship is in no way "equivalence". One may say lots of things about related concepts but they're in no way a canonical answer to your question – they don't follow just from the idea of the "relationship" itself. I just wanted to make sure that a relationship between mathematical structures on both sides, especially the antisymmetric matrix, certainly exists.
A: Symplectic groups: Not directly. But symplectic manifolds (or even better: Poisson manifolds): Yes. The Poisson bracket $\{f,g\}_{PB}$ and the functions $f$, $g$ are the classical counterparts of the quantum commutator $[\hat{f},\hat{g}]$ and the operators $\hat{f}$, $\hat{g}$. The quantum commutator $[\hat{f},\hat{g}]$, in turn, gives rise to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for the observables $\hat{f}$, $\hat{g}$. 
