Dilemma in race between muon and light I have a dilemma concerning my understanding of Special Relativity.
Maybe I am understanding or calculating something wrong and would hear so.
The problem is based on muons created in the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays.
Basically, what happens when we time the difference between such a muon
and light created the same place at the same time.
Since the muon travels at 0.994c, it arrives 301 nanoseconds later than the light.
However this is from observation on earth.  From the muon's observation,
the point of creation and the destination on the earth's surface
are moving at 0.994c and the distance is contracted from 15 Km to 1638 m,
so the light arrives 33 nanoseconds earlier.
Further, from the muon's observation, a clock on earth will experience
time dilation and should only record 3.6 nanoseconds of time.
So how much time does the earth clock record?
Detailed Description:
In practice, identifying one muon and whether it would not decay
in the journey would be problematic.  Since we are using observations
from the muon, replace it with a spaceship traveling at the
(now arbitrary) velocity of 0.994c.  If you do not like
crashing the spaceship into the surface of the earth,
or worry about general theory effects from the earth or sun,
move the thought experiment to space, say the midpoint between
Sol and Alpha Centauri.
A point m, is 15.0 Km above a point on the surface of the earth, e.
At point me is  a space station, Muse.
A space ship traveling at 298 m/μs constant velocity
passes point m and then point e.
When the spaceship passes point m, the Muse Space Station turns on a light.
A photographic plate at point e collects light only from the
Muse Space Station.
This will be our clock, and we will measure how long an exposure
to light is indicated by the photographic plate at the time
where the space ship reaches point e.
(Perhaps when the space ship passes we close a shutter on the plate.)
The light takes 50.03461 μs to reach point e.
The spaceship takes 50.03461 μs to reach point e, 301 nanoseconds later.
So the photographic plate is exposed to light for 301 ns.
However, from the space ship's reference, the space ship is not moving,
but points m and e are moving at 298 m/μs constant velocity.
When point m reaches the space ship, it turns on a light.
Because of length contraction predicted by special relativity,
the distance between points m and e is 1637 m.
The light from point m takes 5.49540 μs to reach point e.
Point e reaches the ("stationary") space ship after 5.46254 μs.
So the photographic plate is exposed to light for 32.9 ns.
So how much has the exposure to light darkened the photographic plate?
As much as expected for 301 ns or 33 ns?
Further, since from the space ship's observation,
the photographic plate at point e is moving at a speed close to c.
So it should experience time dilation according to special relativity.
If instead of leaving the light on when point m passes the space station,
the light at point m was only turned on for 1 nanosecond,
the clock timing that nanosecond would be slower observed from
the space station, and would be on for 9 ns.
Then the 9 ns of light would only expose the plate at e
as much as for 1 ns of light, because of the time dilation at point e.
So, observed from the space ship
for every 9 units of time that the plate at point e
is exposed to light, it only reacts as much as for one unit of time.
So the 33 ns of light when point e reaches the space ship,
the plate should only show 3.6 ns of exposure.
Since we are comparing times in microseconds, and subtracting to get
a time difference in nanoseconds, to get four digit precision in our
result, we need to start with and carry seven digit precision
in our thought experiment, even when the input was arbitrary.
Earth Observation:
Distance of segment em:         15 000.000 000 m
Speed of muon space ship:          298.000 000 m/μs
Speed of Light:                    299.792 458 m/μs
Time for space ship to reach e      50.335 57 μs
Time before light reaches e         50.034 61 μs
Time of exposure of p-plate            301.0 ns


Muon Space Ship Observation:
Distance of segment em:          1 637.628 062 m
Rel Speed of e & m to muon space ship:
                                   298.000 000 m/μs
Speed of Light:                    299.792 458 m/μs
Time for space ship to reach e       5.495 40 μs
Time before light reaches e          5.462 54 μs
Time of exposure of p-plate             32.9 ns

How much has the plate darken from exposure to light over time?
 A: 
Because of length contraction predicted by special relativity, the
  distance between points m and e is 1637 m. The light from point m
  takes 5.49540 μs to reach point e. Point e reaches the ("stationary")
  space ship after 5.46254 μs. So the photographic plate is exposed to
  light for 32.9 ns

1637m is after length contraction in the reference frame of the space ship with point e having velocity close to but < c. This transformed distance only applies to objects in the reference frame of the ship, definitely excluding photons on the light beam. In fact you don't apply length contraction to light itself. Try out the formula for objects moving at c.
Also, where the photographic plate darkening is concerned, if you are in the same reference plane as the plate, then the clock you are really interested in is the clock next to the plate. The ship has velocity 0.994c toward you/clock/plate, the light has velocity c, and the total distance travelled by each is 15km.
A: Trying to defend the application of SR in my question, I discovered my mistake.  From the observation framework of the photographic plate, it's a simple race between a muon speed space ship and light.  Not so to the other observer.
from the muon speed space ship's observation, the space ship is stationary and points m and e are approaching at 0.994c.  When the light source at point m passes the (stationary) space ship, it turns on a light which approaches the photographic plate at velocity c.  However, it's not a fair race because the photographic plate is approaching the light source at a speed of 0.994c.
Thus the light and the photographic plate close on each other at a speed of 597.792458 m/μs, nearly twice the speed of light.  They meet after 2.73946 μs.
Since it takes 5.49540 μs for the photographic plate to reach the space ship, the plate is exposed for 2,756 nanoseconds.  Due to time dilation, the photographic plate only experiences 301 ns of exposure, which matches the earth observation.
Muon Space Ship Observation:
Distance of segment em:          1 637.628 062 m
Rel Speed of e & m to muon space ship:
                                   298.000 000 m/μs
Speed of Light:                    299.792 458 m/μs
Time for e to reach space ship       5.495 40 μs
Time before light reaches e          2.739 46 μs
Time of exposure of p-plate          2,756 ns
Actual p-plate exposure from time dilation
                                       301 ns

A: 
So how much has the exposure to light darkened the photographic plate? As much as expected for 301 ns or 33 ns ?

For 33 ns. That is the time that the clock inside the ship-muon indicates. We measure 301 ns of exposure, but a much shorter time was experienced by the moving photographic plate. This question is tricky also because the light will be red-shifted by Doppler effect, but lets forget about this detail.
These questions about "what the other observer would observe that I observe" are complicated. I suggest to follow the approach of the invariants: there are quantities that, measured by any observer, give the same result. One of them is the proper-distance between events. An event is any time and position (in this example, height) coordinate. There are only two important events in this problem: the muon enters the atmosphere at 15 km above the ground (lets called it $E_1$), and the muon reaching the ground ($E_2$).
The specific coordinates given to the events depend on the observer. For example, for the muon, assuming that it sets its clock to zero when it enters the atmosphere:
$E_1: (t,z)_M=(0 s,z_0)$
Is  $z_0=0$ for the muon? well, it could be $z_0=15$ km, or $z_0=100$ km, it really does not matter. What it matters is that for the event 2, for the muon:
$E_2: (t,z)_M=(t_M,z_0)$,
that is, both events, for the muon, happen at its same spatial position.
What about us from the ground? well, lets assume we set our clock to zero when the muon reach the top of the atmosphere (but it does not matter really):
$E_1: (\tau,\zeta)_{\rm Earth}=(0,15~{\rm km}),\quad E_2: (\tau,\zeta)_{\rm Earth}=(\tau_M,0~{\rm km})$.
I am using Greek letters for my coordinates. Now, special relativity tells us that the proper distance between these events is the same as measured by any observer. The proper distance is the squared difference of the time (times $c^2$) minus the spatial distance squared. That is:
$$c^2(t_M-0)^2-(z_0-z_0)^2=c^2(0-\tau_M)^2-(15~{\rm km}-0)^2\tag{1}$$
And that's it. Forget about that one will be contracted measured by the other, and one time is dilated, etc...Lets divide Eq. (1) by $c^2\tau_M^2$:
$$ \left(\frac{t_M}{\tau_M}\right)^2=1-\left(\frac{15~{\rm km}}{c\tau_M}\right)^2$$
but we know that $(15~{\rm km}/\tau_M)=0.994 c$, and therefore you have it, the time dilation. Since $\tau'_M=301~{\rm ns}$, therefore $t'_M=301~{\rm ns}\,\sqrt{1-0.994^2}=33~{\rm ns}$. I use a $'$ to denote the fact that we are not talking of the first event at 15 km from the ground, but from a much closer distance. The time dilation factor is the same.
Ok, lets solve the original problem that has three events:


*

*Muon enters the atmosphere at 15 km of height.

*The ray of light that the muon emitted toward the ground reaches the ground.

*The muon reaches the ground.


Again, latin letters for the muon coordinates and greek for the ground observer. For the first event:
\begin{align}
E_1: &(0,0) \quad\text{ for the muon.}\\
      &(0,15~{\rm km}) \quad\text{ for the ground observer.} 
\end{align}
For the second event:
\begin{align}
E_1: &(t_2,z_2) \quad\text{ for the muon.}\\
      &(15{\rm km}/c,0) \quad\text{ for the ground observer.} 
\end{align} 
For the third event:
\begin{align}
E_1: &(t_3,0) \quad\text{ for the muon.}\\
      &(15{\rm km}/0.994 c,0) \quad\text{ for the ground observer.} 
\end{align} 
For the invariant equation between $E_1$ and $E_2$ we get $$z_z=ct_2,$$ which is important since light speed is the same for everybody.
For the invariant equation between $E_1$ and $E_3$ we get 
$$t_3=\frac{15~{\rm km}}{0.994 c}\sqrt{1-0.994^2},$$ 
which is the equation we got at the beginning.
For the invariant equation between $E_2$ and $E_3$ we get
$$(15~{\rm km})^2\left(\frac{1}{0.994}-1\right)^2=c^2t_3(t_3-2t_2)$$.
Combining the three equations we get
\begin{align}
t_1&=0~{\rm \mu s}  &\tau_1&=0~{\rm \mu s} \\
t_2&=2.74~{\rm \mu s}  &\tau_1&=50.035~{\rm \mu s}\\
t_3&=5.51~{\rm \mu s} &\tau_1&=50.336~{\rm \mu s}\\
\end{align}
So, why is the difference between $t_2$ and $t_3$ not 33 ns? Well, this illustrates the sort of confusion you can get unless you track systematically the events. If the 301 ns were the exposure time measured by the ground observer, then the exposure time measured by the muon would have been 33 ns. However, in this design, we cannot say that simultaneously to the arrival of the light to the ground the exposure starts. Simultaneously for who? This needs to be specified. If we assume that the exposure starts with the arrival of the muon-plate at the atmosphere and ends with its arrival to the ground, according to us ground observers it would have been exposed for $50.3~{\rm\mu s}$, while if we recover the plate at ground level, we would measure an exposure equivalent to only $5.5~{\rm\mu s}$. Shorter. By a factor of $\sim10$. That is it.
