What is the relationship between kinetic energy and momentum? I can't seem to figure out the relationship between $E_k$ and $p$ or $F$.
I understand that the units are pretty different. But for example:
A bullet with a mass of 10.0g is moving at the speed of 1000m/s. A bull with a mass of 400kg is charging at the speed of 5.00m/s Which has the greater kinetic energy?
5000J for the bullet and 5000J for the bull
That worked fine but now if you calculate momentum you get:
$p = 10 kg\cdot m/s$ for the bullet and $p = 2000 kg\cdot m/s$ for the bull.
Which does not make sense!
Does the bull hit harder than the bullet or the same amount as the bullet?
 A: They're not the same thing. They have very different implications.
You can imagine Force and thus Momentum as the "push" that will happen to the target, while Kinetic energy is the damage it causes. E(k) is equal the Work the object will perform, let it be penetration, fracture, etc.
As soon as the object hits the target, the E(k) applies (i.e. the damage). The object will transfer the E(k) over time (very short), and as it creates damage (penetrattion) its E(k) is decreasing. The penetration is opposed by friction, which pushes the target backwards with the same Force as it's stopping the bullet.
Simple example: A football and a bullet have the same Momentum, but the bullet has much higher Kinetic Energy. The push (p) is the same, but the ball doesn't have enough E(k) to cause any damage so it just pushes the target. The bullet, however, will first penetrate it "spending" it's E(k) against the toughness, hardness and other factors, and as it's stopping within the target the friction pushes the target backwards resulting in the same push as the one of the ball (unless it pierces though it, in which case just a fraction of the momentum gets transferred)
In short: Energy causes damage. Force and Momentum cause movement.
A: If you write down the formulas for kinetic energy,
$$E_k = \frac{1}{2} m v^2$$
and momentum
$$p = mv$$
you see that you can write the energy in terms of momentum via
$$E_k = \frac{p^2}{2m}$$
So, if two objects have the same energy $E_k$, they only have the same momentum if they also have the same mass. Since the bull has a much larger mass than the bullet, it must therefore have a much larger momentum than the bullet to arrive at the same kinetic energy.
Force is change of momentum with time, $F = \dot p$. If we assume that the bullet and the bull hit a target and come to rest in the same time, the bull hits much harder, as it has the higher momentum.
A: If we apply a given force $F$ for a given time $t$, it changes the momentum by $Ft$. If in that time the force has moved whatever it's pushing by a distance $s$, it changes the energy by $Fs$. If we push a light thing and a heavy thing equally hard for the same amount of time --so they both have the same momentum-- the light thing will be pushed farther in the same time because it accelerates more, so it has more energy. Equally, if we push them both equally hard until they have the same energy --that is, for the same distance, remembering that in this kind of Physics the bull puts up no resistance other than its mass (and it may even be a Bull Sphere)-- the light thing will have less momentum, because it will take less time to get there.
When it comes to stopping the bull, you have to keep up a force that's trying to stop it for much more time, the bull keeps on coming, whereas the same force will stop the bullet in the same distance.
There's a fourth concept that also has to be considered, which is pressure. Sorry! Force, Energy, Momentum, and Pressure are all different. To apply a force to the small area that a bullet has is different from applying the same force to the big area that the bull has. It's more difficult, it needs more pressure, to apply the same force to a smaller area.
A: $$K.E.= \frac{1}{2}  p  v$$
since: $$K.E.=\frac{1}{2} m v^2$$
and $$p=mv$$
