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Sep 4, 2023 at 22:08 comment added Sten @araj Since only the radiation from the surface escapes the Earth, only the surface temperature enters into the Stefan-Boltzmann law when you are calculating the power in escaping radiation. Interior parts of the Earth are also blackbodies, but their radiation does not escape and only contributes toward heating their immediate surroundings.
Sep 4, 2023 at 18:54 comment added araj That last sentence makes sense -- I understand why the surface temperature is important. My main question, however, is how one could use the Stefan-Boltzmann Law to calculate this surface temperature, when it only relates the temperature of the entire black body to emitted radiative power. Or are you saying that because of the huge thermal insulation between Earth's surface and interior, the Earth's surface alone is the black body?
Sep 4, 2023 at 5:33 history answered Sten CC BY-SA 4.0