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Apr 29, 2023 at 0:08 history edited Themis CC BY-SA 4.0
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Apr 28, 2023 at 11:44 comment added Themis Start with $\Delta S_\text{univ} = \Delta S + \Delta S_\text{bath} = \Delta S - Q/T$ and use the first law to write $Q = \Delta U$ since $V$ is constant.
Apr 28, 2023 at 11:24 comment added John Davies Thank you. From your second paragraph, I assume you mean this equation $\Delta F=-T\Delta S_{univ}$. It implies $\Delta F\le0$ but I do not understand why it is true. I thought Helmholtz free energy is a state function. The value of $\Delta F$ should not depend on whether a path between two states is reversible or not?
Apr 28, 2023 at 11:09 history answered Themis CC BY-SA 4.0