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A composite particle consisting of an even (odd) number of fermions behaves like a boson (fermion).

Swapping $^3He$$\require{mhchem}\ce{^3He}$ atoms involves swapping an odd number of fermions (3 nucleons and 2 electrons): an odd number of sign changes of the wave function corresponds to no sign change or bosonic symmetry. Swapping $^4He$$\ce{^4He}$ atoms involves swapping an even number of fermions (4 nucleons and 2 electrons): an even number of sign changes of the wave function corresponds to a sign change or fermionic behavior.

The same applies to other atoms: $H$$\ce H$ = 1 proton and 1 electron = 2 (even) fermions: bosonic, $D$$\ce{D}$ = 2 nucleons and 1 electron = 3 (odd) fermions: fermionic, etc.

A composite particle consisting of an even (odd) number of fermions behaves like a boson (fermion).

Swapping $^3He$ atoms involves swapping an odd number of fermions (3 nucleons and 2 electrons): an odd number of sign changes of the wave function corresponds to no sign change or bosonic symmetry. Swapping $^4He$ atoms involves swapping an even number of fermions (4 nucleons and 2 electrons): an even number of sign changes of the wave function corresponds to a sign change or fermionic behavior.

The same applies to other atoms: $H$ = 1 proton and 1 electron = 2 (even) fermions: bosonic, $D$ = 2 nucleons and 1 electron = 3 (odd) fermions: fermionic, etc.

A composite particle consisting of an even (odd) number of fermions behaves like a boson (fermion).

Swapping $\require{mhchem}\ce{^3He}$ atoms involves swapping an odd number of fermions (3 nucleons and 2 electrons): an odd number of sign changes of the wave function corresponds to no sign change or bosonic symmetry. Swapping $\ce{^4He}$ atoms involves swapping an even number of fermions (4 nucleons and 2 electrons): an even number of sign changes of the wave function corresponds to a sign change or fermionic behavior.

The same applies to other atoms: $\ce H$ = 1 proton and 1 electron = 2 (even) fermions: bosonic, $\ce{D}$ = 2 nucleons and 1 electron = 3 (odd) fermions: fermionic, etc.

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Johannes
Johannes
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A composite particle consisting of an even (odd) number of fermions behaves like a boson (fermion).

Swapping $^3He$ atoms involves swapping an odd number of fermions (3 nucleons and 2 electrons): an odd number of sign changes of the wave function corresponds to no sign change or bosonic symmetry. Swapping $^4He$ atoms involves swapping an even number of fermions (4 nucleons and 2 electrons): an even number of sign changes of the wave function corresponds to a sign change or fermionic behavior.

The same applies to other atoms: $H$ = 1 proton and 1 electron = 2 (even) fermions: bosonic, $D$ = 2 nucleons and 1 electron = 3 (odd) fermions: fermionic, etc.

A composite particle consisting of an even (odd) number of fermions behaves like a boson (fermion).

Swapping $^3He$ atoms involves swapping an odd number of fermions (3 nucleons and 2 electrons). Swapping $^4He$ atoms involves swapping an even number of fermions (4 nucleons and 2 electrons).

The same applies to other atoms: $H$ = 1 proton and 1 electron = 2 (even) fermions: bosonic, $D$ = 2 nucleons and 1 electron = 3 (odd) fermions: fermionic, etc.

A composite particle consisting of an even (odd) number of fermions behaves like a boson (fermion).

Swapping $^3He$ atoms involves swapping an odd number of fermions (3 nucleons and 2 electrons): an odd number of sign changes of the wave function corresponds to no sign change or bosonic symmetry. Swapping $^4He$ atoms involves swapping an even number of fermions (4 nucleons and 2 electrons): an even number of sign changes of the wave function corresponds to a sign change or fermionic behavior.

The same applies to other atoms: $H$ = 1 proton and 1 electron = 2 (even) fermions: bosonic, $D$ = 2 nucleons and 1 electron = 3 (odd) fermions: fermionic, etc.

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Johannes
Johannes
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  • 80

A composite particle consisting of an even (odd) number of fermions behaves like a boson (fermion).

Swapping $^3He$ atoms involves swapping an odd number of fermions (3 nucleons and 2 electrons). Swapping $^4He$ atoms involves swapping an even number of fermions (4 nucleons and 2 electrons).

The same applies to other atoms: $H$ = 1 proton and 1 electron = 2 (even) fermions: bosonic, $D$ = 2 nucleons and 1 electron = 3 (odd) fermions: fermionic, etc.