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Jun 24, 2022 at 7:37 comment added Roger V. @Poutnik indeed, and people built palaces and sailing ships long before Newton. It ultimately boils down to the difference between thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, a phenomenological and a microscopic theory - I won't pursue this discussion, since I explained it in the answers linked.
Jun 24, 2022 at 7:33 comment added Poutnik @RogerVadim Well, classical motion of objects cannot be explained without Newtonian mechanics or the equivalent, but it can be measured and used for practical purposes without it. One could have e.g. an empirical table for the given object, how long it takes to fall from a particular height, without any notion of speed nor acceleration.
Jun 24, 2022 at 7:31 comment added Roger V. @Poutnik it cannot be explained without using microscopic approach, but it can be measured and used for practical purposes, as did the Gibb's contemporaries throughout the industrial revolution in XIXth century (while the development of statistical mechanics took place in the beginning of the XXth).
Jun 24, 2022 at 7:28 answer added Roger V. timeline score: 2
Jun 24, 2022 at 7:28 comment added Poutnik Well, e.g. temperature dependence of molar heat capacity of multiatomic gases (progressive involving of quantized rotational and later vibrational modes) cannot be addressed without molecular quantum approach. Or generally, any macroscopic behavior which is result of behaviour or properties of atoms or molecules.
Jun 24, 2022 at 7:26 comment added niels nielsen @RogerVadim, why not post your comment as an answer? -NN
Jun 24, 2022 at 6:27 comment added Roger V. Thermodynamics and statistical physics are two different ways of looking at the same thing. The former indeed does not require atomic theory, see, e.g., [here](physics.stackexchange.com/questions/714220/… and here
Jun 24, 2022 at 6:24 history edited Roger V. CC BY-SA 4.0
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S Jun 24, 2022 at 6:18 review First questions
Jun 24, 2022 at 8:19
S Jun 24, 2022 at 6:18 history asked user273366 CC BY-SA 4.0