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May 15, 2022 at 13:38 comment added Matteo Yes the average velocity is positive and not negative because of the phase of the forcing field. To explore this you might consider doing the same exercise with a general force $f(t) = a \sin{(\omega t + \phi)}$ and check which values of $\phi$ make the average velocity being negative.
May 15, 2022 at 10:32 comment added Gabriele Giuseppini Thanks Matteo. Indeed, having zero acceleration doesn't imply having zero velocity, that definitely helps. However, the particles goes from a state of zero average velocity to a state with positive average velocity, and I have troubles understanding why this "preference" for positive velocity - why not average negative velocity, for instance? Furthermore, I believe that this average velocity strongly depends on the phase of the sine wave, that's where I'm trying to wrap my head around...
May 14, 2022 at 23:20 history answered Matteo CC BY-SA 4.0