In the equation for universal gravitation (1)$(1)$ between two objects, where from is $r$ calculated.? From the surface, from the center? Also, are the objects assumed to be particles in this equation or could the be multiple particles like molecules?
(1) $F=G \frac{m_{1} m_{2}}{r^{2}}$$$F=G \frac{m_{1} m_{2}}{r^{2}}\tag{1}$$