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Nov 5, 2019 at 18:39 comment added Edouard @TCooper You might want to google the effects of refraction as light travels through a medium which, even when that "medium" consists of very little more than other light arriving from different directions, can reverse some of its apparent effects. Most good descriptions of Eddington's 1919 observational proof of GR will describe how this can happen.
Nov 5, 2019 at 17:43 comment added TCooper Honestly, reading the link helped me as much/more than your explanation. I think what I was really trying to get at was, why isn't the Shapiro time delay accounted for on smaller scales, if it has that effect over a long distance, why isn't there a proportional effect over a short distance - why doesn't the speed a photon is traveling change very slightly as it passes Mars, Jupiter, etc(even in a vacuum)? and if it does, why it's defined as constant.
Nov 5, 2019 at 17:34 vote accept TCooper
Nov 5, 2019 at 16:15 history answered Árpád Szendrei CC BY-SA 4.0