The starting point is that the $3$-vector $\vec{\bf c}$ transforms in the $3$-dimensional irreducible vector representation of the rotation group $SO(3)$,
$$ \{ \vec{\bf c}, \vec{\bf L}\cdot \hat{\bf n} \}_{PB}~=~ \hat{\bf n}\times \vec{\bf c},$$$$\tag{1} \{ \vec{\bf c}, \vec{\bf L}\cdot \hat{\bf n} \}_{PB}~=~ \hat{\bf n}\times \vec{\bf c},$$
where $\hat{\bf n}$ is an arbitrary unit vector, whose Poisson bracket (PB) with anything vanishes
$$ \{ \hat{\bf n}, \cdot \}_{PB}~=~0.$$$$\tag{2} \{ \hat{\bf n}, \cdot \}_{PB}~=~0.$$
We assume that $\vec{\bf c}$ is not identically zero. Since the PB with $\vec{\bf c}$ does not vanish, the $3$-vector $\vec{\bf c}$ cannot be a constant. It must be a function of the phase space variables $\vec{\bf r}$ and $\vec{\bf p}$. It can be thought of as being of the form
$$\vec{\bf c}~=~\vec{\bf r}\cdot\vec{\bf f}+ \vec{\bf p}\cdot\vec{\bf g}+ \vec{\bf L}\cdot\vec{\bf h},$$$$\tag{3} \vec{\bf c}~=~\vec{\bf r}f+ \vec{\bf p}g+ \vec{\bf L}h,$$
where
$$\vec{\bf f}~=~\vec{\bf f}(r^2,p^2,\vec{\bf r}\cdot\vec{\bf p},L^2), \quad\vec{\bf g}~=~\vec{\bf g}(r^2,p^2,\vec{\bf r}\cdot\vec{\bf p},L^2), \quad\text{and}\quad \vec{\bf h}~=~\vec{\bf h}(r^2,p^2,\vec{\bf r}\cdot\vec{\bf p},L^2), $$$$\tag{4} f~=~f(r^2,p^2,\vec{\bf r}\cdot\vec{\bf p},L^2), \quad g~=~g(r^2,p^2,\vec{\bf r}\cdot\vec{\bf p},L^2), \quad\text{and}\quad h~=~h(r^2,p^2,\vec{\bf r}\cdot\vec{\bf p},L^2), $$ are three suitable vector-valued functions of the phase space $SO(3)$ scalars
$$r^2,\quad p^2,\quad \vec{\bf r}\cdot\vec{\bf p},\quad\text{and}\quad L^2.$$$$\tag{5} r^2,\quad p^2,\quad \vec{\bf r}\cdot\vec{\bf p},\quad\text{and}\quad L^2.$$
References:
- H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics; Section 9-6 in 2nd edition or Section 9.7 in 3rd edition.