Edited because I can't read.

The Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin (GZK) limit is one particular theoretical limit involving high-energy protons. Beyond this energy limit, protons scatter too much with the cosmic microwave background radiation to travel any significant distance towards Earth.

Now, in principle, photons should also interact with the CMB, scattering of two photons has already been experimentally confirmed. There are reference frames in which CMB photons have (nearly) arbitrarily high energies, and so one would expect pair production from extremely high energy gamma rays. According to this source the threshold energy is about $10^{15}\,\mathrm{eV}$.

Edited because I can't read.

The Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin (GZK) limit is one particular theoretical limit involving high-energy protons. Beyond this energy limit, protons scatter too much with the cosmic microwave background radiation to travel any significant distance towards Earth.

Now, in principle, photons should also interact with the CMB, scattering of two photons has already been experimentally confirmed. There are reference frames in which CMB photons have (nearly) arbitrarily high energies, and so one would expect pair production from extremely high energy gamma rays. According to this source the threshold energy is about $10^{15}\,\mathrm{eV}$. A quick search for the term "gamma ray opacity" brings up a lot of interesting papers also, including this one by Dweck and Krennrich, which deals with gamma ray scattering off of extragalactic background light.

The Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin (GZK) limit is one particular theoretical limit involving high-energy photons. Beyond this energy limit, photons scatter too much with the cosmic microwave background radiation to travel any significant distance towards Earth.

Edited because I can't read.

The Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin (GZK) limit is one particular theoretical limit involving high-energy protons. Beyond this energy limit, protons scatter too much with the cosmic microwave background radiation to travel any significant distance towards Earth.

Now, in principle, photons should also interact with the CMB, scattering of two photons has already been experimentally confirmed. There are reference frames in which CMB photons have (nearly) arbitrarily high energies, and so one would expect pair production from extremely high energy gamma rays. According to this source the threshold energy is about $10^{15}\,\mathrm{eV}$.