Amazingly, Wikipedia has an article titled "List of common misconceptions". There is a (short) section dedicated to Physics, which mentions:
- The role of the Coriolis effectCoriolis effect in bathtubs and sink drains
- The role of angular momentum in bicycle stability
- The "equal time" fallacy in explaining the lift developed by an airfoil
- Glass isn't actually a high viscosity fluid
- Composition of air
- "Lightning never strikes twice"
The Astronomy section has some good ones too:
- When a star collapses into a black hole, its gravitational pull does not actually increase.
- Meteorites are not actually hot when they land; usually they are cold. (I would add: the heating of meteors is more due to the compression of the air in front of them than to 'friction with the air' as commonly believed.)
Some that I would add:
"Once something is in orbit it is free from Earth's gravity." Even educated people get tripped up on this one; the internet is rife with people suggesting we just "nudge" the International Space Station into lunar orbit. At a much more basic level of misunderstanding, there is the idea that astronauts are "weightless" because they are far away from the earth.
"There is a high tide on the opposite side of the earth from the moon/sun because the earth 'shields' the ocean from the gravitational pull."