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So how to say on general that this is true for any weak force interaction? do you mean to ask: "why is this assumed for all weak interactions"? Weak interactions were classified by their "weakness". Lifetimes were long and interactions much more weak than electromagnetic or strong. The suggestion was made by Lee and Yang that as a class parity ...

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Yes, and indeed this was how the original solar neutrino detection experiment worked. It used the reaction: $$\nu_e + ^{37}\text{Cl} \rightarrow ^{37}\text{Ar} + e$$ The neutrino interacts with a neutron and turns it into a proton and electron.

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Dark matter has been postulated to explain discrepancies in observations Astrophysicists hypothesized the existence of dark matter to account for discrepancies between the mass of large astronomical objects determined from their gravitational effects, and their mass as calculated from the observable matter (stars, gas, and dust) that they can be seen to ...

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The halflife of the neutron is set by three things (more or less): the mass difference between the neutron and the proton, the number (two) of light particles that accompany the decay and the strength of the weak interaction. Changing number (3) effects the lifetime of all weak mediated processes, but all of them in the same sense. Changing (1) ...

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Ryan is correct. In addition I would point to beta decay, in one form of which a neutron is transformed into a proton, inside the nucleus. This is called $\beta^-$ decay and is accompanied by the emission of an electron $e^-$ by the affected nucleus.

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For the lifetime of the neutron to be different, the weak interaction coupling constant would be different. As far as nuclei are concerned the unstable ones with beta decays would have different lifetimes. In general all weak interaction mediated decays would have different lifetimes.

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The half life of a lone neutron is only fourteen minutes. When a lone neutron decays, it decays into a proton, electron, and electron neutrino. However, a neutron bound to a proton is relatively stable, so a neutron in an atomic nucleus would not decay.

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