# Tag Info

15

One's naive expectation would be that as the object moves through the medium, it collides with molecules at a rate proportional to $v$. The volume swept out in time $t$ is $A v t$, where $A$ is the cross-sectional area, so the mass with which it collides is $\rho A v t$. The impulse in each collision is proportional to $v$, and therefore the drag force ...

10

Actually, there are two different viscosity coefficients. You can see this from the stress tensor $$\sigma_{ij} = -p_0 \delta_{ij} + \eta \left( \frac{\partial v_i}{\partial x_j} + \frac{\partial v_j}{\partial x_i} - \frac{2}{3} \delta_{ij} \frac{\partial v_k}{\partial x_k} \right) + \zeta \delta_{ij} \frac{\partial v_k}{\partial x_k}$$ which has the two ...

10

The Kutta condition is completely artificial. The potential equations are completely artificial. The potential equations are a mathematical construct we use because it's much simpler than the full Navier-Stokes set of equations. We know the Kutta condition is never actually upheld in any real flow ever. However, when we perform all of our mathematical ...

7

The equation is correct--- the (laminar) flow at small Reynolds number is given by making the flow be along the pipe, and substituting into the Navier Stokes equations, which reduces to your thing. The one issue is the sign--- $\Delta P$ is negative if you mean the flow is going to be in the positive z direction. I will absorb the constants and consider the ...

6

The article's preprint Mayer H. C., Krechetnikov R. "Walking with coffee: why does it spill?," Phys. Rev. E 85, 046117 (2012). is available from the UCSB site. From a glance of the article the phenomenon is not specific only to coffee. The authors make use of the next formula: The natural frequencies of oscillations of a frictionless, ...

6

Imagine two two trains side by side - one going faster than the other. Frictionless rails. Start shoveling coal from the slow train to the fast one, and from the fast to the slow one. Every shovel of coal results in a transfer of momentum - until the two trains move at the same speed. In the same way, when layers of liquid move past one another at different ...

5

Yes there is. Let's focus on the kinematic viscosity ($\nu$), which is defined as the diffusion constant for momentum in the fluid. That is, it tells us how quickly a momentum disturbance would diffuse through the rest of the fluid. Or, in particular, it gives us the linear dependence on the mean square propagation of the momentum as a function of time, ...

5

A version of your proof without a stream function: The Laplace acting on the velocity may be expressed via the curl of the curl identity and aside from the $\nabla\times (\nabla\times \vec u)$ which vanishes, you also get another term $\nabla\cdot (\nabla\cdot \vec u)$ which vanishes (only) if one assumes incompressibility (it's the conservation of the ...

5

Do we have viscous force acting between two layers even if there is no relative motion? No. From the Wikipedia article on viscosity: In general, in any flow, layers move at different velocities and the fluid's viscosity arises from the shear stress between the layers that ultimately opposes any applied force When the fluid is stationary, there's ...

5

The high speed expression, proportional to $v^2$ is the ram pressure, which is wholly a momentum transfer effect and has nothing to do with viscosity - in contrast with the low flow speed Stokes law you cite above. To understand the ram pressure, which arises particularly for supersonic objects, witness the object is just shoving fluid out of its way, and ...

4

If "not much less than water" means "not an order of magnitude lower than water at room temperature" this is probably correct. However there are substances like http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentane with a viscosity 4 times less than that of water or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone with a viscosity 3 times less than water (at 20 degrees celcius). At ...

4

When a viscous liquid flows through a tube in a laminar flow,why is its velocity highest at the center? Because the boundary condition is that it's zero at the walls? Does that answer your confusion? It shouldn't seem surprising that the point furthest from the walls (the center) is the highest velocity, considering that the fluid exactly at the wall ...

3

this will happen if the cup material's density is very close to that of water itself. completely submerged, the buoyant force on the cup is very similar to its own weight, so it appears to neither sink nor float underwater. Polystyrene cups are about 1g/cm³. these will do. heavier duty plastic cups will definitely sink faster, although not as fast as a ...

3

As far as I remember viscosity of the gases, unlike liquids, increases with increasing temperature. So in order to decrease viscosity, You would have to cool the air (which is already cold at some 10 km). When it comes to it's effect on planes, viscosity is responsible for creating pressure gradient between top and bottom side of an airfoil or wing. That ...

3

Yoghurt is a flocculated suspension of casein micelles. The acid secreted by the bacteria growing in the milk destabilises the casein particles and they aggregate together. Because the volume fraction of the casein particles is high in milk the aggregated particles form a gel. This image shamelessly stolen from Wikipedia gives a schematic illustration of how ...

3

To put it in simple terms, at slow speed the drag is just due to the viscosity of the fluid. At high speed, the momentum you're imparting to each parcel of air is proportional to the speed, and the number of parcels of air per second you're doing it to is also proportional to speed. Since force is momentum/second, that's why it's proportional to ...

3

Your professor is correct, but I agree with you that the statement “vorticity can’t be destroyed or created” seems jarring - I would prefer to think of this as “vorticity is conserved” because the conservation of vorticity derives from the Navier-Stokes Eq and the conservation of angular momentum. I confess this is splitting terminology hairs (don’t push it ...

3

You have lots of questions here, so I'll try to address them all but I may miss/gloss over some. A fluid that is considered incompressible is divergence-free. This comes from the conservation of mass equation: $$\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial \rho u_i}{\partial x_i} = 0$$ where if we say the density does not change, the time derivative ...

3

The general form of Newton's Law for constant mass is $$m \frac{dv}{dt} = F$$ so in your case, $F = mg - \gamma v$ is the provided force law. In your case your force happens to depend on the velocity; the greater the velocity, the more negative the force, so it is a kind of friction or drag. $\gamma$ is just the proportionality constant between the ...

3

This is an excellent question and requires more discussion. Therefore, my answer will also have questions in it for others to weigh in. Bird and Stewart explain this very well in their Transport Phenomena book. In its general form, the viscous stresses may be linear combinations of all the velocity gradients in the fluid: $$\tau_{ij} = \sum_k \sum_l ... 3 The standard reference for this is Arnold and Khesin "Topological Methods in Hydrodynamics", which is excellent. 3 Friction is caused by two physical processes, both of which dissipate energy. It's the dissipation of energy that means work is required to slide over the surface, and this work is why we feel a frictional force. Anyhow, the first factor is the surface energy of the material because this affects the adhesion between the sliding object and the substrate. A ... 3 Your assumptions are correct (but r is often defined as the distance from the pipe centerline). However, this is a very specific case: laminar pipe flow. In general, the stress will be a tensiorial quantity, defined as$$ \tau_{ij}= \eta \frac{\partial u_i}{\partial x_j}$$which is true for turbulent flow, in arbitrary geometries. Where i,j are in the ... 3 The reason is that the flow of momentum is proportional to the momentum gradient. When you double the spacing, keeping the velocity fixed, the gradient is halved. The momentum is doing diffusion, if you make a constant momentum in the gas, it doesn't flow anywhere, if you have lower momentum somewhere and higher momentum elsewhere (for some fixed ... 2 The drag of a fluid acting on an object inside is the flow of momentum through the boundary of the object. The momentum conservation law is the entire content of the Navier stokes equation, which can be written in integral form:$$ {\partial\over \partial t} \int_R \rho v^i = - \int_{\partial R} \rho v^i v\cdot \hat{n} + \int_{\partial R} (P \hat{n} + ...

2

Your viscometer measures the viscosity of your Ficoll-70 solution. This viscosity is made up partly from the viscosity of the water and partly from the viscosity of the Ficoll-70 dissolved within it, and obviously the viscosity you measure increases with the concentration of Ficoll-70. Intrinsic viscosity is a rather different concept. It's really a measure ...

2

This sort of thing is actually very well developed in the computational setting, under discrete differential geometry. There is an approach called Simplicial Fluids: http://www.geometry.caltech.edu/pubs/ETKSD07.pdf

2

No it cannot in the general case. The formulas giving the pressure loss in a duct are always given by a form P = K.geometry.rho.V² where K is an empirical friction coefficient, geometry contains geometrical parameters (diameter, length etc), rho is the density and V the velocity. Now K depends typically on the Reynolds number and on the roughness of the ...

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