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0

This doesn't exactly answer the question, but it does suggest that the key explanatory link is the step frequency. I would like to propose the following "theory". The use of one or both arms allows for an increase in "step" frequency. (Why? Don't know. Perhaps for the same reason that speedwalkers flap their arms. Biomechanics. The Dutch Wikipedia refers ...

3

If I remember correctly they only do this in the turns and they use both arms in the straights. It is the outer arm that is active. This helps them turn in two ways. It helps accelerate the outer side more than the inner which is what is what turning really is. The reaction force at the shoulder also helps them lean into the turn which helps them stay stable ...

1

Radius is usually measured in [m], but for rotational movement it's unit is different to length namely [m/rad]. Hence the unit for torque is [Nm/rad]. Torque times angle will come out as energy. I do not know why radians are omitted, causing confusion for the understanding population.

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If at point A with position $\vec{r}_A$ the sum of forces and moments is $\vec{F}$ and $\vec{M}_A$ then the force line of action has direction $$\vec{e} = \frac{\vec{F}}{|\vec{F}|}$$ and position closest to A as $$\vec{r} = \vec{r}_A + \frac{ \vec{F} \times \vec{M}_A}{|\vec{F}|^2}$$ where × is the vector cross product. This comes from the net moment ...

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I think your analysis is good and correct. The statement you've quoted doesn't contradict what you've done, it probably suggests a different way to look at the problem. I think the statement simply states a method in mechanics- transferring a torque to another point (coordinate axes). In this case, from the centre of the wheel to the point of contact. ...

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