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34

The following fact lies at the heart of this and many similar issues with sizes of things: Not all physical quantities scale with the same power of linear size. Some quantities, like mass, go as the cube of your scaling - double every dimension of an animal, and it will weigh eight times as much. Other quantities only go as the square of the scaling. ...

24

The units for torque, as you stated, are Newton-meters. Although this is algebraically the same units as Joules, Joules are generally not appropriate units for torque. Why not? The simple answer is because $$W = \vec F \cdot \vec d$$ where $W$ is the work done, $\vec F$ is the force, $\vec d$ is the displacement, and $\cdot$ indicates the dot product. ...

11

Newton's first law of motion for a point particle states that a particle at rest will stay at rest and a particle in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. In other words, if the net force on the particle is zero, then the velocity of the particle will stay constant. Newton's first law of motion for a system of particles states ...

10

Take the right pedal as an example. It uses a right-hand thread, so turning the pedal spindle clockwise (CW) relative to the crank will screw the spindle in, counter-clockwise (CCW) will unscrew it. Say you put the bike in a repair stand, grab the right pedal and gently simulate the motion of someone riding the bike (always keeping the pedal platform ...

9

You can grow arbitrarily large as long as you are essentially flat. For example, one fungus covers several thousand acres; there's a grove of clonal aspen trees that may have higher mass. Scaling in three dimensions is much harder, though. The pressure on the bottom is proportional to the height--eventually that pressure is too great for tissue to ...

7

Yes, electric motors can always deliver the required torque. What really matters is the efficiency of the conversion. Over a long range of speeds, the motors may convert 90 percent of the energy to its mechanical form. You know, it's just some electromagnetic fields that may become arbitrarily stronger - depending on how much energy is sent into them - and ...

7

There is indeed a term involving the time derivative of the changing coupling between the masses. First, let's derive the equation for a single mass. $$L = \frac{1}{2} I\, \dot{\theta}^2 - V(\theta)$$ $$\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{\theta}} = I\, \dot{\theta}$$ $$\frac{\partial L}{\partial \theta} = -\frac{dV}{d\theta} = \tau$$ $$\tau = \frac{d}{dt} ... 7 If you want to prove that \vec{L}=\vec{r}\times \vec{p} is constant with respect to time for a particle in a central force field \vec F = \phi(r) \vec r, just show that the angular momentum doesn't change with time, i.e. \frac{d}{dt}\vec{L}=0. Using the product rule we get two terms: \frac{d}{dt}\vec{L}=\frac{d}{dt}(\vec{r}\times \vec{p}) = ... 7 When studying angular things - torque, angular velocity, angular momentum, etc. - physicists do a clever thing to avoid having to describe curves. You see, you might be tempted to draw a curved arrow for a torque, indicating that you are twisting something around in a circular-ish way. But then when you try to add two such arrows together, all of a sudden ... 6 First of all, choose the reference frame co-moving with the paddle and assume that this reference frame is inertial. This is the key to all ball-and-wall problems. Of course, ignore gravity and air drag. Now we have a spinning ball incident on a stationary surface with friction. Let \mathbf{V} be the vector of the ball's velocity with respect to the ... 6 Ingo, when you consider the couple, you may put one of the "spouses" at the origin, so his torque is P\times d_0 for d_0=0, so his torque vanishes. Meanwhile, she is located at a nonzero d so her contribution is P\times d and nonzero. Because his torque is zero, it doesn't matter whether you add him or not. The only difference between the whole ... 6 Torque is the informal, practical man's way of calling this thing; the moment of force is the more quantitative, scientific term which is better at expressing the formula$$ \vec \tau = \vec r \times \vec F $$The position \vec r and the cross product, for this specific case, are responsible for the words "moment of" while \vec F is the force. A ... 6 The reason we distinguish the two is that torque is vector quantity, where as energy is a scalar quantity. So while we give the magnitude of torque the same units as energy, there is in fact additional information that tells us the direction the torque is applied. UPDATE: As dmckee has pointed out in the comments, to be perfectly corrected torque is a ... 6 The basic answer is that mass scales with the cube of linear dimension and strength of things like legs scales with the square of the linear dimension. Note that large animals have therefore evolved comparatively thicker legs than smaller ones. Linearly scale up a dog to elephant size, and its legs would snap. Even more extreme, think of scaling a ant to ... 5 It is hard to guess without seeing Gorillapod in use, but my guess would be the following: Center of mass could be understood as an average position of the mass of the object. In order for an object to be in stable equilibrium, its center of muss must be vertically above the area, which is enclosed by contact points of tripod's legs with the ground. If ... 5 Some engineering texts use "moment" and "couple" to talk about forces that tend to rotate an assembly (what physicist mean when they say "torque", but the engineers sometimes have a slightly different meaning for that word). A roughly translation guide is... A "couple" is a pair of opposite forces whose points of action are not co-linear. A couple is ... 5 As in the comments, there's certainly something of a convention at work here and it's to do with the "co-incidence" that we live in three spatial dimensions. As in Greg's answer, torque is intimately linked with angular momentum through Euler's second law. That is, torque and angular momentum are about rotational motion. And rotations, in general, are ... 4 It's a 20-lbs staff. 20-lbs net force are required to hold it up, regardless of its orientation. If you just apply this force to one end of the staff, though, there would be a net torque. Instead, you need to use your hands to apply two forces to the staff. One force, exerted by the near hand on the very end of the staff, should be down. The other, ... 4 I don't know if it's right or not, but Wikipedia has this to say: The right-side (usually the drive-side) pedal spindle is right-hand threaded, and the left-side (usually the non-drive-side) pedal spindle is left-hand (reverse) threaded to help prevent it from becoming loose by an effect called precession. Although the left pedal turns ... 4 I agree with Benjamin Franz that the ball-and-spring model of a solid is helpful and that when a solid exerts a contact force the bonds between the atoms are distorted in that region. If you take a beam, clamp down its ends, and then apply a force to it off-center, the bonds on the short side are distorted more than the bonds on the long side. Therefore, ... 4 I'm not sure if this is the dominant factor, but... Once the coin begins to tip at all, there is torque due to gravity. If you work it out with your hands you'll see that this torque acts perpendicular to the angular momentum from the rolling of the coin and in the plane it rolls on. Thus, it acts to direct the coin in a circular path. A quick experiment ... 4 OP wrote(v1): So the torque should not be measured in N⋅m but rad⋅N⋅m. Would that then be completely consistent? No, that would not be consistent with the elementary definition of torque \vec{\tau}=\vec{r} \times \vec{F} as a cross-product between a position vector \vec{r} and a force vector \vec{F}. An angle in radians is the ratio between the ... 4 Joule and Newton meter are two units that are algebraically identical; you might say they are two names for the same unit. This is not the only example: Ohms is a unit of resistance, while "ohms per square" is an algebraically identical unit of sheet resistance. Hertz is a unit of frequency, becquerel is a unit of frequency in the context of radioactivity. ... 4 As both @Greg and @Michiel have stated above, the issue lies with the shape of the screwdriver. The handle side is thicker than the side with the screwdriver blade. The distance traveled by each side during one rotation is equal to its circumference:$$d=2\pi r $$For n number of rotations, the equation will look like:$$d=n 2 \pi r $$Since every part ... 4$$ \text{bhp} \propto \text{torque} \times \text{engine speed}  To start with a simple example consider linear motion. If we have some force, $F$, the as the force moves a distance $d$ the work done is force times distance, $Fd$. The power is the work done divided by the time, $Fd/t$, but $d/t$ is just the velocity (distance divided by time) so the power ...

4

So remember that because torque is the cross product, we know that it is $rF\cos\theta$. So you can use this to calculate how much torque the pole is feeling. So it is r=3m, F = mg(~1000 N). And $\theta$ is 60. So the torque the pole feels is 3*1000*cos(60) ~ 1500 Nm. The pole can withstand 9000 Nm. Therefore it does not bend. So there is 0 net torque! ...

4

Power is force multiplied by velocity. The engine power is actually (relatively) constant regardless of the gear. So when people say there is "more power" in a lower gear, it's the common misconception that "more powerful" is "more forceful" but that's only part of the equation. So if P is constant, then that means if you can combine a large force and a low ...

4

Let the engine's power be $P$, the weight of the frame be $M$ and the transport load be $m$. From the definition of power $P=W/t$ where $W$ is the amount of work and the work in linear case is $W=Fs$, we get the formula $P=Fs/t=Fv$. In this case, force exerted to the car $F$ is the constant. It's not change because it's the capability of the engine.(for ...

3

The horizantal beam on such scales is intentionally placed below the rotational axis. As long as the weights are in equilibrium the torque is equal on both sides. But as soon as the position changes e.g. tipping the left scale down, the torques differ because only the tangential part of the gravitational force vector in relation to the rotational axis ...

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