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Bubbles are formed when the pressure in the fluid is less than the saturated vapor pressure of the liquid at that temperature, modified by surface tension effects. Surface tension actually increases the pressure inside a gas bubble in water; the approximate increase in pressure is $\Delta P = \frac{2\sigma}{r}$ (see for example this earlier answer). The ...

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It is all a matter of engineering balance, between the water circulating in the radiator circuit of the car, which enfolds the engine and with water-metal contact which takes heat away at a certain rate. In automobiles and motorcycles with a liquid-cooled internal combustion engine, a radiator is connected to channels running through the engine and ...

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Edited because I had misread the question If the goal is to keep the tea hot, you add the milk first. This will bring the temperature of the tea down by some amount $\Delta T$, and the cooler tea will now lose heat more slowly while you dissolve the sugar. I am assuming that since you cannot see the sugar in the milky tea, you will do what I do - you add ...

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If the processes are instantaneous, and you drink the tea at once after that, then it doesnt matter. A more interesting question would be, when to put the milk in the tea. Now it does matter if you wait first and then add the milk and drink - or if you add it at once and then wait and drink. Do you see, why? Also, in your formulation "you were asked to ...

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Three processes are involved: Conduction: Heat flows from the object to its environment. Removal rate of heat from the interface further away from the object is proportional to the coefficient of conductivity (0.024 for air, 205 for aluminum -see http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html). Convection: The interface between the object ...

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Are all heaters (same wattage, electric to thermal, no geothermal or other extra energy source) exactly as efficient as each other? No. Let's focus just on electrically powered heaters. If you have a heater that basically consists of a resistor with a current passing through it, you have 100% efficiency of electrical energy to heat energy conversion. ...

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One benefit of scaling the heat capacity with another extensive variable is that you end up with an intensive property -- heat capacity per # of particles. Similarly specific heat refers to the heat capacity per unit mass so that the value of the intensive property can be compared between samples of the same material but with different sizes or geometries ...

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Energy stored as heat, by itself, is neither low- nor high-quality. What matters is the temperature at which the heat is stored, and the relationship of that temperature compared to the heat sink that will absorb the excess energy in the process. To be more specific, say you have a heat sink at $T_S=20°\:\mathrm C$, such as the atmosphere for a car engine. ...

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The (long-term) temperature of an object depends on the heat transfer between it and all of the environment. Air isn't a great conductor of heat. So if there is little air movement, the radiation environment may dominate the heat transfer. A cold calm day may feel quite balmy under full sunlight. On a cold evening, the sky may have a radiation ...

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Your second thesis is right. At least the result. The explanation not, as the example in the answer of Diracology might illustrate. Assume, that the piston does not move (we fix it). So $V$ didn't change on either side. Obviuosly, $n$ didn't change on either side. Therefore, $p$ is proportional to $T$ (in each side separately!). So if $T$ rises by the same ...

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Let $T_{20}$ be the initial temperature of tank 2 and $T_{10}=T_{20}+\Delta T$ be the initial temperature in tank 1. Let $\delta T$ be the equal rise in the temperature of both thanks. Assuming that the piston does not move, we would have $$p_{2f}=p_2\frac{T_{20}+\delta T}{T_{20}}$$and$$p_{1f}=p_1\frac{T_{20}+\Delta T+\delta T}{T_{20}+\Delta T}$$ Since ...

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$kT$ is related to the kinetic translation energy by the equipartition theorem. You are saying that the mean kinetic energy, is much greater than the rest energy. The particle has a large or relativistic velocity. The limit $kT>> mc^2$ is called ultrarelativistic limit. It means you can approximate the energy momentum relation $E^2=(pc)^2+(mc^2)^2$ by ...

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The Clausius' statement of the second law of thermodynamics states that the only effect of a cyclic process cannot be the transfer of heat from a cold body to a hot body. That is, for heat to be transferred from a cold to a hot body, work has to be expended, such as in a refrigerator, where the energy to remove heat from inside to the outside is derived from ...

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The order doesn't matter. The reason is conservation of energy. The tea, milk, and sugar before the mixing have some initial energy, and the final tea will have some energy that depends only on its state (the tea doesn't have any kind of memory of how it got to that state). The energy difference between these two states is the additional energy associated ...

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It needs energy to solve sugar in water because the enthalpy of solvent (water) and solute (sugar) is lower than the enthalpy of the final solution, solving is an endothermic reaction in this case[1]. Milk has already some sugar in it, the (in)famous lactose, so the enthalpy of tea+milk might be higher than the enthalpy of tea alone and the order "milk ...

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For copper the temperature coefficient of resistivity is $3.9\times 10^{-3} \text{K}^{-1}$ and the temperature coefficient of thermal linear expansion is $1.6\times 10^{-4} \text{K}^{-1}$. They differ by a factor of about 24 so a change in temperature will cause a bigger change in resistance than in the linear dimensions of copper. Resistance is given by ...

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This can be explained with a classical description of particles; quantum physics is overkill. The explanation stems from the physical constraints of the system, and therefore the specific details are completely system-dependent. Generally speaking, it involves some form of non-random selection of a subset of the random motion. To give you an example of how ...

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The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution is a probability distribution - eg the distribution of speeds of particles in a gas. The area under the curve represents probability, not energy, so the total area under the curve must be 1, regardless of temperature. The y axis represents a probability density function, eg probability per unit interval of speed, while the ...

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Getting cooler is the key phrase in you question. If you vigorously stir cold water you might get it to warm up if it was well insulated - duplicating Joule's clasic Mechanical equivalent of heat experiment. But if you stir a cup of hot coffee or a pot of hot water the far more significant effect effect it that the stirring accelerates cooling. Stirring ...

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The earth's atmosphere can be considered as a thin sheet of air extending from the earth's surface to about an altitude of 60 miles. It is the earth's gravity that holds the atmosphere. The interconnection between temperature, pressure and density with altitude is as follows. About temperature variation with altitude:- The sun heats our earth's surface. ...

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Let's start with the physical interpretation. We are considering an ideal gas of particles in equilibrium at some temperature $T$. Let's ask the following question: if the system is in equilibrium, why don't all particles have the same speed? Answer: because the particles interact through collisions. Imagine that one could prepare a system in such a way that ...

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Yes, the viscosity of a dilatant suspension will decrease if the viscosity of the solvent decreases. Surprisingly I struggled to find experimental data to back this up. Perhaps everyone thinks it's too obvious to be worth publishing. The best I could do is this school exeriment report. The authors timed the fall of a ball through the suspension, so lower ...

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I'll venture the guess, that the explanation you read was wrong. What I'd find plausible is: liquid mixed with gas has a higher effective thermal capacity - you don't need conductivity since the stuff is pumped through the cooling cycle, right? What I mean by this: the liquid can receive a lot of heat by boiling. It carries the heat away not only in the ...

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A hot material will radiate heat to a colder, that is to say it will radiate more heat outward than it absorbs from the colder object. The problem is only that the radiation RATE, as well as the absorption rate, is not determined by temperature alone, but by the coupling of the material to light of any given wavelength. Metals are electrically conductive, ...

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The way mobility depends on average scattering time of the carriers is given here: A simple model gives the approximate relation between scattering time (average time between scattering events) and mobility. It is assumed that after each scattering event, the carrier's motion is randomized, so it has zero average velocity. After that, it accelerates ...

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Moving water convects heat better than static water. Take the reference frame of the water being static and the air moving. In this case, new cooler air is always sweeping in to take heat away. If the air is static, hot air remains at the interface and will not accept heat as well as cooler air. The same argument can be made for the moving water. Edit: The ...

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The heat is continually being released to the atmosphere, and the layer is continually getting thicker. The heat has to be conducted from the water-ice interface to the ice-atmosphere interface through the layer of ice. And, as the ice gets thicker, the rate of heat being conducted slows down. And the rate of ice formation slows down. So the amount of ...

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It would be easier to answer if you gave a figure of the device. In fact, there cannot be a single temperature for the coil. Heat left by the fluid must be absorbed by the coil, hence parts of the coil are hotter than others. In particular, the surface of the coil in contact with the fluid is approximately at the same temperature as the fluid. To increase ...

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Ice, at least at atmospheric pressure, cannot form above the melting point of water (0 Celsius). The phenomenon of water freezing on objects like the ground, parked cars, motorbikes etc, is due to thermal inertia. On a long, cold spell these objects will cool down to below 0 Celsius. But when the ambient air temperature rises above 0 Celsius, the actual ...

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