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Suppose that the Earth could be compressed and turned into a neutron star. Neutron stars have overall densities up to $5.9\times 10^{17}\,\text{kg/m}^3$ (source). Since the total mass of the Earth is about $5.9\times 10^{24}\,\text{kg}$, it would be a sphere with a volume of about $10^7\,\text{m}^3$, which corresponds with a radius of about $134\,\text{m}$.

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0.8768 femtometers. the same size as a proton.

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According to the same Wikipedia article you cite, ...the zero point is determined by placing the thermometer in brine: he used a mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride, a salt, at a 1:1:1 ratio. This is a frigorific mixture which stabilizes its temperature automatically: that stable temperature was defined as 0 °F (−17.78 °C). The second point, at ...

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The story is this, as much as I remember. Fahrenheit chose the zero point on his scale as the temperature of a bath of ice melting in a solution of common table salt (a routine 18th century way of getting a low temperature). He set $32^{\circ}$ as the temperature of ice melting in water. For a reproducible high point on the scale he chose the temperature of ...

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