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A quantum theory of gravity does make definite predictions. One such an example, which is the same for any theory of quantum gravity that reproduce GR at low energy, is the famous correction to the newton $1/r$ potential: $$V(r)=\frac{M_{star}}{M_{Planck}r}\left(1-\frac{M_{star}}{M_{Planck}^2 r}-\frac{127}{30\pi^2}\frac{1}{M_{Planck}^2 r^2}+\ldots\right). ... 2 The planck length is not necessarily an absolute limit to how small thing can be sub divided. The planck length is theoretical and it is empirically defined by dimensional analysis. At this length scale our knowledge of physics makes no sense. The planck length \ell_P is defined as: \ell_\text{P} =\sqrt\frac{\hbar G}{c^3} \approx 1.616\;199 (97) \times ... 2 I would say that there is not too much experimental evidence for a quantum theory of gravity yet, the reasons why such a theory is desirable are mainly of conceptual/theoretical nature. I will give a (likely to be incomplete) list of motivations for studying quantum gravity. Unification of all four fundamental interactions: The Standard Model of particle ... 2 There is no (widely accepted) theory that describes the structure of spacetime down to the quantum scale. You mention loop quantum gravity, but as far as I know the removal of singularities has been addressed only in the simplified form of loop quantum cosmology. However as far back as the 60s there have been suggestions that quantum effects would cause the ... 2 1. Hawking-Bekenstein entropy of a black hole is given by S_{\text{BH}} = \frac{kAc^3}{4\hbar G} where A is the area of the event horizon. Assuming a non-rotating black hole, there holds r_s=\frac{2GM}{c^2} for the Schwartzschild radius, and therefore A=4\pi r_s^2=\frac{16\pi G^2M^2}{c^4}, which results in$$ S_{BH}=\frac{4kGM^2}{\hbar c} $$For ... 1 Let's start by setting the scene. We've got a hyperdense (understatement) singularity containing everything at t = 0. This is the beginning of time. Right now, we have no reason to assume that anything existed before then. Asking what happened before the Big-Bang ( depending on which model you use ) is not something that one can ask since we assume nothing ... 1 John Rennie's answer is good already, but I want to add a single point: These fluctuations are very very short. In quantum mechanics you've got Heisenbergs uncertainty principle, which is often stated as$$ \Delta x \cdot \Delta p \le \frac \hbar 2  and which means, that for any quantum object (think of an electron or a positron created in such a vacuum ...