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The population over the rotational levels is a function of temperature in accordance to Boltzmann's law. For low temperatures, only the lowest rotational levels are populated while for higher temperatures more and more rotational levels get populated and the rotational energy increases accordingly. Note that in the high temperature limit you can replace the ...

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You may want to look at the principal axes of the molecule, which can be calculated from the inertia matrix in the body frame. The theory is discussed in rigid body dynamics and you should be able to find examples of the calculation on the internet. The calculation procedure can be outlined as follows: First, calculate the center of mass of the rigid ...

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It has been shown experimentally that the formation of H2 can happen in the presence of free electrons: so a photon is emitted in this two step process, taking energy away . Note that this is for low densities. The three body process in the answer by John dominates with increasing density, as discussed in the link.

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Two isolated hydrogen atoms cannot form an $H_2$ molecule for the simple reason that they have too much energy. Any system formed from the two atoms will have an energy greater than the dissociation energy of $H_2$ so no bound state will be formed. Observation tells us that the process must happen because there is a lot of $H_2$ around. It happens when ...

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Ionizing radiation is radiation that is strong enough so that, when it hits an atom or molecule, will knock off electrons. This happens even if the target object doesn't have freely mobile electrons, which leaves free radicals and broken bonds, both of which are harmful to complex biological processes. There's no selection based on electron binding energy; ...

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I agree with what John Rennie said, "A photon doesn't interact with a single electron, it interacts with the entire molecule." The 'probabilistic process' is a better way of stating 'Give it a shot, and see what happens.' The probability between relaxing and splitting, or whether the photon and the molecule reacts at all, sounds good to me. Please ...

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When a molecule absorbs a photon it reaches to an excited state and there are various mechanisms in which the molecule can relax. Dissociation of the molecule is just one of the possibilities. It is not necessary to ionize (to separate the electron from) the molecule for dissociation to occur. What is necessary is to excite a bonding electron, that is, an ...

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This isn't really how it works. A photon doesn't interact with a single electron, it interacts with the entire molecule. Suppose you take the example of ozone photolysis to $O_2$ and an oxygen atom. We can do a calculation for ozone and come up with a series of molecular orbitals, then put two electrons in each orbital. So far so good. But if you remove an ...

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The simplest method is to follow Archemides and his principle: Archimedes' principle aids in the experimental determination of density by providing a convenient and accurate method for determining the volume of an irregularly shaped object, like a rock. We are in a fortunate position to have the densities of all elements with a click on the internet ...

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One way to figure out what something is made of figure out its density by dividing the object's mass and volume;then look at a density chart!

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