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1

Simple, combine both real- and $\mathbf{k}$-space pictures! The basic idea is to split up your $n$-dimensional system into multiple $(n-1)$-dimensional systems. For example, say you have a 2D square lattice and you define your edges along the $x$-direction. Then you need to break the 2D lattice into 1D lattices pointing in the $x$-direction. In other words, ...

3

Neutrino mass is not in conflict with electroweak theory. One can introduce neutrino masses by modifying the Higgs or lepton sector of the Standard Model. The simplest method, that which you propose, is introducing a right handed neutrino with a Yukawa coupling with the left handed neutrino (extending the lepton sector). The right handed neutrino, however, ...

6

We know that we can describe a spin $1/2$ massless particle using only a single Weyl field (lets say left-handed $\psi_{L}$). To introduce a mass term we have to use two spinor fields (one left-handed and one right-handed) and this gives the Dirac mass term. The question is now that if we can describe a massive particle with a single Weyl field. Well yes, ...

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