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9

This is a good question with a lot of deep math and physics behind it (information theory). I will try to give you a casual answer. Signal to noise ratio: First, you should ask yourself what a "signal" is. For example, when you listen to the radio, especially AM radio, you hear the sounds / music / voices just fine even though there is static / noise in ...

1

Firstly, long wavelengths are used in the carrier waves. These are affected less by everyday matter, and are good at spreading out. They can reflect, but they aren't distorted or diffracted much. In contrast, light waves are absorbed everywhere, and X rays and higher are very directional. That's all the physics involved. It's good enough for a radio to ...

3

How could any information be stored in a hydrogen atom? Your sources aren't talking about storing information in a hydrogen atom. They're talking about storing information in an amount of space whose volume is the same as the volume of a hydrogen atom. What is the real-world significance of the Bekenstein bound? If "real world" means practical, ...

0

If I give you a hydrogen atom in an excited state, and there are $2^{1000000}$ different possible excited states of a hydrogen atom, then I've encoded 1 Mb of information in your hydrogen atom. In reality, there are far fewer than $2^{1000000}$ possible excited states of a hydrogen atom, see e.g. this table. The Bekenstein bound provides an upper limit on ...

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