# Tag Info

4

In the sea of electrons picture, the electrons in the conductor are not at rest: they are jiggling about like gas particles, colliding and changing direction constantly. You can think of them as billiard balls at zero gravity, confined in the volume of the piece of conductor at hand. According to thermal physics, their average kinetic energy is related to ...

3

No we cannot prove it; Maxwell postulated that it would hold dynamically because it made the most sense for it to do so as he pondered the displacement current problem. As you likely know, Maxwell pondered the inconsistency between Ampère's law for magnetostatics and the charge continuity equation. Ampère's law for magnetostatics reads $\nabla\times ... 3 Maxwell derived his equations from 1) charge conservation law; 2) Coulomb's law; 3) Bio--Savart--Laplace law; 4) Faraday's law of induction. The equation$\boldsymbol{\nabla}\cdot \textbf{E}(\textbf{r})=\frac{\rho(\textbf{r})}{\epsilon_0}$was indeed derived from Coulomb's law and in its differential form is written using Gauss--Ostrogradskiy theorem. ... 3 You need to watch what you mean by the ambiguous term "derive", which can mean either "was derived historically" (i.e. was motivated by or is a derivative of, in the non-mathematical sense) or "is derived logically/mathematically". Historically, I think you are correct that$\boldsymbol{\nabla}\cdot ...

2

Indeed, the $\vec{E}$ field in a parallel plate is independent of distance from the plate. This works because of the assumption $d \ll$ length of plate (thus, we can ignore side effects of the plate). And as Bort pointed out, it is the Voltage $V$ that scales linearly with respect to distance from the plate, while $\vec{E}$ will remain constant.

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Both can happen simultaneously. This happens in binary star systems all the time. Work done on object A as it moves from position 1 to position 2 is calculated by $$\int_{\vec{r}_{1A}}^{\vec{r}_{2A}} \vec{F}_{total\,on\,A}\cdot\,d\vec{r}$$. That changes the kinetic energy of A. It could be negative which means the kinetic energy decreases. Some might say ...

1

Yes, however the predominant forces are much, much stronger than electromagnetism. That is, there is a "strong nuclear force" which will routinely hold protons side-by-side in a tiny space, and a "weak nuclear force" which will routinely turn a neutron into a proton plus an electron, and those two forces completely violate what you'd expect from ...

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Coulomb's law is valid at all energies we have probed experimentally. There is a subtlety here because the fine structure constant changes with energy so the electrostatic force gets stronger with increasing energy, but it is still an inverse square law force. However a proton is not a point particle, so the force between for example a proton and electron ...

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The atom has some charge distribution $\rho(r)$. We don't don't know what form the function $\rho(r)$ has, but we do know it depends only on $r$ because an atom is spherically symmetric. When you have a spherical charge distribution the potential at a distance $r$ is simply due to the total charge inside the distance $r$:  V(r) = ...

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Clarification from another source: Source: Physics For Scientists And Engineers, Paul A. Tipler and Gene Mosca, Sixth Edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 2008, p. 971, Fig. 28-20. I maintain that the loop will act the same as the bar. In other words, if you cut a thin slit down the center of the bar and less than the length of the bar (you ...

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All you need to charge a battery from a capacitor is to have more voltage charged on the capacitor than the voltage of the battery. The size will only affect how much time the capacitor will charge the battery. If you could charge the capacitor over and over and discharge it into the battery every time it was full it would eventually fully charge the ...

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