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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_matter#Degenerate_gases http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/dwarfs.html carbon-oxygen white dwarf stars By what modality do you plan to compress the diamond? Graphite is much cheaper and gets you to the same end. Fermi degenerate matter is stable. Squeezing electrons into protons requires Type II ...

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If it were not, it would cause current to flow, and propagation of current involves the dissipation of energy, and this cannot occur without any external sources of energy. Hence, it follows that any charges in the conductor must be located on its surface.

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As Mostafa says, it is macroscopically at equilibrium, not necessarily microscopically. There may be one misunderstanding you have, which is about "surface". I will talk about it later. In my opinion, equilibrium should be understood as no electron moving. It is easily to show that the electric field in conductor is zero. If the electric field is non-zero, ...

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You have an issue in your argument. It's not right to describe the conductor as 100 electrons and 100 ions. These are not ions. Consider ion crystals such as NaCl: that's where the ions are, and this thing's an insulator. The fact that electrons are free doesn't mean that they left the ions in cold. It's like a cooperative, or a collective farm. All ...

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Equilibrium means that there is no net change with time. A glass of water at room temperature is in equilibrium because, even though the molecules are fiddling around, their net movement is zero. Or, in another words, macroscopically, you can't see any overall change. In most practical situations, this means the state of the system after enough time has ...

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Also, it's worth noting that the quantum mechanical model places the upper limit of the radius of an electron at 2.82e-22, which means that the electrical potential energy that two electrons would be at when they collide (given by k*q1*q2 / r) is in the order of magnitude of 50,000,000 MeV. The mass of an electron, in MeV according to e=mc^2, is closer to ...

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While all these answers are fundamentally correct, especially with regards to Schrodinger and the shell model of electrons, there is one very basic means of radioactive decay, that of electron capture, which has not yet been discussed. Yes indeed, electrons orbiting around the atom can be captured into the nucleus. (For reference, see ...

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You are right in that a magnetic field is build up, which generates a electric field opposing the given potential. But the consequence is not an oscillation of current, but only a damping of the increase of the current. Therefore, if you have a Heaviside step function for the voltage, it'll result in an "exponential" increase of your current ($I(t) = I_0 ... 0 Electricity does have mass, yes. Indeed, one of Einstein's 1905 papers, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" specifically demonstrates this. A moving magnet becomes more massive due to its increase of energy, and this additional inertia causes its electric field to increase in strength as well. Hence E = mc^2. If you wished, with sufficiently accurate ... -1 An effect known as "space charge" would be problematic if you tried to use negative charge on the plates to deflect the electron beam, because free electrons would be ejected from the metal surfaces and make the whole deflection system very non-linear, probably useless. It's also one reason that vacuum tubes had more than just a heated cathode and a plate. 0 Assuming the electrons are moving at the same velocity the beam would look the same because the relative velocity is zero between the electrons. However, according to the scientist(lab frame), the beam gets shrunk (and according to the electrons the scientist gets shrunk). 2 The process could in general take place. A sample diagram is:$\hspace{4cm}$With regards to Parity: Assuming the electron-positron pair don't have any angular momentum, the initial Parity is$-1$. Assuming the$\eta_C\eta_C$pair don't have any angular momentum, their Parity is$+1$. Thus in this case the reaction cannot occur. If we assume the ... 1 In the first chapter of Sze's classic Physics of Semiconductor Devices, one can find: (1) in low electric fields, the drift velocity of carriers is proportional to the electric field strength (section 1.5 in the 2nd edition). It then gives a number of approximations, depending on the primary scattering mechanism. (2) in high field regions, nonlinearities ... 0 The so called Copenage Interpretation avoids the question about whether the electron is a particle or a wave. This question is directly not allowed. In fact the wave function is an instrument of the theory with not physical meaning. Acording to CI, the goal of the theory is only to make predictions about the results of an specific experiment. In the case ... 3 The wave-particle duality thing becomes important when you are dealing in a microscopic scale where quantum mechanics becomes relevant and you have to discard your ordinary notion of particle and wave. So don't expect to relate "particle" or/and "wave" notion that you usually get from picturing a marble or water wave from classical world surrounding you. ... -4 mass=energy(actually mass is a form of energy) so everything who has energy(wave) has mass also if you squeeze all wave in a very little place you get a solid item(like you). if you squeeze a solid(like you again) in a very little place you will get a black hole 1 Electron is accompained by waves, so there still exists electron which has mass. This solves your problem I hope. Look here at what de Broglie says in his Nobel lecture of 1929 (this is an extracted portion): I thus arrived at the following overall concept which guided my studies: for both matter and radiations, light in particular, it is ... 0 Equilibrium in the sense of this question means there are no net forces on the objects that make up the system: the charges contained in the conductor. Note that we need a model of an ideal conductor here. A neutral ideal conductor is thought of as containing equal large amounts of unbound, infinitely small (not electrons) positive and negative charges. ... 34 I don't really like the whole wave-particle duality business because it obscures the more startling truth about particles: they aren't sometimes waves and sometimes particles, and they also don't transform into waves sometimes before reforming as particles, they are something completely different. It's like the story of the blind men and the elephant: a ... 9 The waves of quantum mechanics are probability waves. The solutions of quantum mechanical equations are the wave functions and the square of the wave function gives the probability of finding the particle at$(x,y,z,t)$. That is why the solutions for the electrons in the field of a nucleus are not orbits, but orbitals, i.e. probability distributions. The ... 7 It seems that you have misundrstood the wave-particle duality. What happens in the double slit experiment is that the electrons impact at the screen as they were particles. But they also interfere, just as waves. So you can see a wave-particle behaviour. But it doesn't say that the electron is destroyed, becomes a wave and then a particle again (as you ... 1 An electron gun has a strict electronics definition is an electrical component in some vacuum tubes that produces a narrow, collimated electron beam that has a precise kinetic energy. The largest use is in cathode ray tubes (CRTs), used in older television sets, computer displays, and oscilloscopes. They are also used in microwave linear beam vacuum ... 0 "an electron gun" is not well defined. If the energy of the electrons is low, they will stop quickly in air, so will not cause a problem. If the energy is high, it depends what the flux is. Low and high depend on how close you can put your hand. 0 I'm not a professional, but from what I understand all these devices really do is produce an RF field, and unless it's gamma radiation or it's strong enough to burn you up (such as if you were put in a giant microwave oven) RF will not hurt you. That said, I would not stick parts of my body in front of anything that emits any kind of radiation without a ... 3 I'm not sure I've understood your question but I think you're asking if a big wave can have wave-features on its large features. If so, sure, why not? You can add waves of different frequencies to achieve results like: 0 simply put : Scattering is a reflection with change of frequency. From debrogli, Frequency relates to Energy. Every time the photon collides with an electron, some energy is given to it. How much is determined by quantum mechanics, exactly that much that is necessary to lift the electron to a higher energy state. anything inbetween the original energy and ... 1$k$is just a quantum number.$\hbar k$gets its name "crystal impulse" from the fact, that the formula for a band structure without interaction (free electrons) coincides with the formula you get with the definition of classical impulse in terms of$k$, but it is NOT an actual impulse. For a free electron we have the energy dispersion: $$\epsilon(k) = ... 1 The dispersion relation gives you information regarding the relation between momentum of electrons, and energy of such electron. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle relates uncertainty in the position versus uncertainty in momentum, which is a very different issue. If you consider a single massive free particle, it also possesses a dispersion relation in the ... 0 So I know that the drift speed of electrons is usually pretty slow. Yes, if 10A of current is maintained in a conductor of cross-section 10^{-4}m^2, with number density of electrons equal to 9X10^{28}m^{-3}, drift velocity of free electrons will be 0.000006ms^{-1} (with the centimeter scale in your geometry box, it will be 0.0006cms^{-1}). ... 0 I think you are confused about what the Hall effect does. You ask: "Why does the magnetic field stop them from continuing to flow?" The answer is: it doesn't. Take this setup: Here, the magnetic field is pointing up, in the +z direction. The conventional current in the purple conductor is flowing towards us (electrons going in the opposite direction). ... 0 Brehmstrahlung is actually whenever a very fast electron enters a "medium" where the "local speed of light" e.g. a block of glass where c=0.7 is less than the speed of the electron. It's not that different from the sonic boom when a jet plane travels faster than the local speed of sound. 0 The electrons are indistinguishable, so whenever you do any real calculation you should treat EVERY electron on equal footing. So indeed your claim of saying: I'm wondering why some electrons have the "right" to "store" that high energy since every electron is the same. Why do those electrons can have more energy and sit in higher energy level than ... 1 I'm surprised that no one has mentioned that there is really no such thing as "this electron" or "that electron" in an atom. Those are useful approximations that help us visualize energy levels; but the actual quantum-mechanical theory of, for example, a carbon atom with six electrons, is based on a single electron wave function in 18-dimensional phase ... 1 Pauli's exclusion Principle requires no two electrons to occupy the same quantum state. Based on spin, it is decided which electron 'sits' where it does. As far as the 'jumping' to the higher energy is concerned, it depends on the way the electron gains energy. If say, light of energy which matched the energy difference between two energy level is incident, ... 1 According to de-Broglie, the wavelength associated with a particle of mass m, moving with velocity v is given by the relation,$$\lambda=\frac{h}{mv}=\frac{h}{p}$\$ where h is Planck's constant, v is the velocity and p(=mv) is momentum of the particles. The waves associated with material pariticles are called de Broglie waves. The wavelength of an ...

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It's likely that your mental picture of the "wave" that describes the electron is misleading you. If you're thinking that the electron itself is spread out in the form of the wave and that it's charge is too, then you should rethink your picture. The electron "is" or "behaves like" a wave in that it's state is described by something called a wavefunction. ...

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The electron is not who "wins" energy. The increase in energy corresponds to the system electron-nucleus. The "incoming" energy is stored in the system, by increasing the distance from the nucleus to the electron. The configuration of the atom, is such that always "looking" the lowest energy state for the system.

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