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It's called a diode because the device has two terminals. Devices that have three terminals are called triodes, and those with five pentodes. Words of that type have fallen by the wayside except in the realm of vacuum tube electronics ... except for the word diode, which has hung on. Note that the Wikipedia article that you cite refers specifically to ...

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The negative differential resistance creates a special phenomena: under a certain bias and certain incident electron energies, the transmission function through the double barrier is nearly zero. In other words, for a finite voltage domain, the current is nearly zero, i.e. a rectifying behaviour. This can be referred to as "generalized diode", since the ...

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Yes, there is a fundamental reason why electricity is so universal. It is because matter is made of electric charges bound together (protons and electrons). When you think of non-electric technologies such as the wheel, realize that the wheel relies on the rigidity of matter which depends on the bonds between atoms which are electric in nature. So even ...

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First, for simplicity, assume the diode is ideal. For an ideal diode, the voltage across cannot be positive (the voltage at the anode is either equal to or less than the voltage at the cathode). Since the cathode of the diode is connected to the 0V reference, and since the anode is connected to the output node, it follows that the output voltage cannot be ...

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The exact equations for I-V characteristics of transistors are derived using quantum-mechanics. Several approximations can be used, one of which is based on the shottky barrier analysis This reference here derives the I-V linear and quadratic approximation (in saturation) for FET transistors. Another reference here UPDATE: As @QMechanic pointed, ...

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