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3

It's called a diode because the device has two terminals. Devices that have three terminals are called triodes, and those with five pentodes. Words of that type have fallen by the wayside except in the realm of vacuum tube electronics ... except for the word diode, which has hung on. Note that the Wikipedia article that you cite refers specifically to ...

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The negative differential resistance creates a special phenomena: under a certain bias and certain incident electron energies, the transmission function through the double barrier is nearly zero. In other words, for a finite voltage domain, the current is nearly zero, i.e. a rectifying behaviour. This can be referred to as "generalized diode", since the ...

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This a very simplistic view: Energy comes into the system in the form of chemical potential energy (gasoline) Energy leaves the system through mechanical work of the crank shaft Energy leaves the system through heat from the cooling of the engine Energy leaves the system through heat of the exhaust You probably want to neglect things like the electrical ...

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The vast majority of energy either goes into motion, or heat. The remainder goes into sound and mechanical degradation of the car components. Efficiencies if IC engines, even running in their optimum region, can vary considerably. However, Diesel is generally most efficient reaching approximately 50% of fuel energy into motion.

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One possible answer is the skin effect. At high frequencies electricity is increasingly conducted only on the outer areas of the conductor. That means the bulk of the conductor is not used, and its apparent resistance is higher than it would be for lower frequencies or DC. This would apply to soild as well. The skin effect is due to opposing eddy currents ...

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Phasors are a way to analyse linear circuits using fourier analusis for the input, so the output can be analysed per frequency component (definition of linear circuit). (see related answer) Any (pure) DC component appears as a constant term (or bias term). Each phasor represents only one frequency component $I(\omega)$ But one can also take limits when ...

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