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55

The answer is simple: Yes, stars really do produce that many photons. This calculation is a solid (though very rough) approximation that a star the size of the sun might emit about $10^{45}$ visible photons per second (1 followed by 45 zeros, a billion billion billion billion billion photons). You can do the calculation: If you're 10 light-years away from ...

35

Suppose you're walking past a nearby tree: As you pass the tree the angle of the line joining you and the tree changes. From your perspective it looks as if you are standing still and the tree has moved backwards. However the Moon is so far away that, as you walk, the angle of the line joining you to the Moon doesn't change by any significant amount: ...

32

The moon is a lot further away than the horizon or nearby buildings, trees, hills or mountains. As you pass these nearby objects, from your perspective you see them apparently move backwards relative to your motion. This is a matter of simple trigonometry. This is because, the angle between your bicycle and (for example) a tree 100 metres away changes ...

29

Although I agree with all three of the above answers let me present a slightly different perspective on the problem. It's tempting to think of the light from the star as a flood of photons that behave like little bullets. However this is oversimplified because a photon is a localised object i.e. we observe a photon when something interacts with the light ...

23

There are a variety of methods used to measure distance, each one building on the one before and forming a cosmic distance ladder. The first, which is actually only usable inside the solar system, is basic Radar and LIDAR. LIDAR is really only used to measure distance to the moon. This is done by flashing a bright laser through a big telescope (such as ...

17

It depends on whether the force field is conservative or not. Example of a conservative force is gravity. Lifting, then lowering an object against gravity results in zero net work against gravity. Friction is non-conservative: the force is always in the direction opposite to the motion. Moving 10 m one way, you do work. Moving back 10 m, you do more work. ...

16

This is not paradoxical and it is not necessary for any physical phenomenon to a priori have to obey any particular law. Some phenomena do have to obey inverse-square laws (such as, particularly, the light intensity from a point source) but they are relatively limited (more on them below). Even worse, gravity and electricity don't even follow this in ...

12

The only stars you can reliably see are ones that are spewing enough photons at your eyeballs to appear stable. Any star which is so dim that photons entering your eye can literally be counted one by one, simply will not register in your vision, because your eye's retina is not sensitive enough. So your question is basically embroiled in observer bias; it ...

9

It's simpler than you (probably) think. In your example of defining speed: this is a change of position $s$ in a time $t$. The units of distance are metres and the units of time are seconds, so the units of velocity are metres per second. So far so good. Now consider acceleration: this is a change of velocity $v$ in a time $t$, so the units of acceleration ...

9

Allow me to channel something akin to the anthropic principle here. You can only see the stars that have a lot of photons reaching your eye. If a star were so far away that photons were reaching your eyes only occasionally then the star would be too dim for you to see in in the first place. Even if you could see the photons, the star would appear to ...

7

There are numerous distance indicators used for within the galaxy. The most common way is by using intrinsic magnitude. By knowing how bright an object would be if we were close, we can determine how far away it is by how dim it is. There are many types of stars where we have a rough idea of how bright they should be due to characteristics of the star: ...

6

That's a big question, because there are loads of ways used to measure cosmic distances. Have a look at the Wikipedia article on the cosmic distance ladder for the gory details. The idea of the ladder is to start with nearby objects like stars. We can measure their distances using a method called parallax. Back in the 90s a satellite called Hipparcos used ...

6

This is one of my favorite questions in astronomy. It's extremely clever really. The Sun emits a certain colour of light that can be analysed. This colour is obviously completely white other than certain frequencies. For example, an object emitting a turquoise light would be emitting every colour frequency other than parts of red perhaps (there are other ...

6

Triangulation. The Earth is not stationary, it moves in a 150 million km (1 AU) radius orbit around the Sun. If you measure the apparent position of a star at different points in that orbit a near enough object will appear to be displaced by a measurable amount, this displacement is called parallax, which is typically measured across a 1 AU baseline. A ...

6

You have re-discovered the Arrow Paradox from Zeno of Elea (5th century BC). Physics doesn't deal with that. There is obviously movement, and all we do is trying to resemble and predict it with mathematical models. That is how we face the question of understanding nature. You may find a better answer among philosophers than physicists for that question. ...

6

Length and distance are not vector quantities (they are scalar quantities), but position and displacement are vector quantities (at least according to common terminological conventions). Here is how all of these are defined. Note that I am restricting the discussion here to vectors in three-dimensional Euclidean space $\mathbb R^3$. Every point in ...

6

A star radiates in all directions. You would still see the star regardless of the number of steps you take to any side, just not the same photons. A laser radiates in only one direction (or in a very small cone). If you took a large enough step to the side (larger than the angular size of the emitted beam) so as to exit this cone, then you would no longer ...

6

The behaviour you are describing is a consequence of the virial theorem. Without going into the gory details this tells us that if some interacting system of many objects has an average total potential energy of $<U>$ then its average total kinetic energy $<T>$ is related to $<U>$ by: $$<T> = \tfrac{1}{2} <U>$$ The proof of ...

5

Sound pressure level (SPL) in dB is defined relative to a pressure $p_{ref}=20\mu Pa$ $$L_p=20\log_{10}\left(\frac{p_{rms}}{p_{ref}}\right )$$ 75dB corresponds to acoustic pressure of 0.11 Pa, you can use this online calculator to easily check other SPLs. Acoustic velocity is proportional to acoustic pressure through acoustic impedance $Z=\rho c$ where ...

5

This really depend on all sorts of details, but for the idealized situation, the following data will suffice: focal lengths for iPhone cameras. Call that $F$. detector size for iPhone cameras. Call the width of the detector $d$. In addition, call the distance between the camera and the two points $L$. The camera's field of view ($FOV$) (or angle of view ...

5

A little known method is the convergent point method (or moving cluster method). Stars in open clusters move parrallel through space and due to the perspective effect they will appear to move towards a common point on the sky. This point depends on the distance and the distance can thus be calculated if the point in the sky can be determined. I have never ...

5

Absolutely not. Even though a laser beam is very narrow, it does spread out, and by the time it reaches the moon it will be a couple of hundred meters wide. The moon is not very reflective (with an albedo it only reflects 1/8th of the light falling on it). Thet reflected light is spread out further by the roughness of the lunar surface so that, by the time ...

5

If you assume it is a lamp that is infinitely far away, the lamp size will also have to be infinitely large :) What I think you want to do is let the actual light come from infinity, but place the lamp 1AU (=~150,000,000 km) away, with a radius of 695,500 km (actual values). If this is not possible or impractical in your software for some reason, just ...

5

As has been said, this is probably a very subjective question/answer. Not only that, but the composition of galaxies, and even regions within a galaxy, varies a great deal. Then there is the question of what constitutes as being part of the galaxy as opposed to perhaps a small orbiting dwarf galaxy. The answer you got from the Quora seems to be pretty ...

5

The field line picture known from school might be helpful with that: The surface area of the surrounding sphere (and not it's volume) determines the density of the lines sourced by a point charge, corresponding to the field strength.

5

We don't directly measure distances to anything light years away by timing light. "Light year" is just a unit of distance like a mile or kilometer. We know how fast light goes in 1 second, we know how many seconds in a year and so we know how many meters (or miles) are in a light year. To learn how we actually measure distances to stars see How do you ...

4

Also, conveniently, Type 1A supernovas always occur with the same energy and brightness. This makes them "standard candles"--you know the original brightness, so you can see how much dimmer it appears and infer the distance.

4

Not with the human eye, but with a powerful laser, reflectors on the moon and a telescope then yes, you can indeed reflect light off the moon and detect it.

4

As always, a spacetime diagram is crucial for insight. However, this can be dispensed with without one. What am I missing here? The event that Moe's wristwatch reads $1\mu s$ has coordinates, in Joe's frame, of $(2.29\mu s, 618m)$. In other words, according to Joe, Moe's wristwatch reads $1\mu s$ when Joe's clock reads $2.29\mu s$. According to Joe, ...

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