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No one really knows the answers to you questions. Spacetime is most assuredly made of something as it is not a void and, by General Relativity, shown to be inhomogeneous: curvature over here in this piece of spacetime can be different from the curvature in that piece over there, so it has position-dependent properties. You could construe the cosmological ...

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The questions you ask are really difficult to answer. Mass is not a property of space (or space-time itself), but of physical objects in classical physics. In General relativity, it is difficult to speak about mass clearly, there is no good general definitions. Now, there are two naive metaphysics about space-time. The substantivalists think that space-time ...

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Yes, it will expand spacetime, thus time is also included

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The accelerated expansion of the Universe is an effect of repulsing forces BY DEFINITION. The nickname of the reason of these forces is "dark energy". The problem is that Einstein's $\Lambda$ term is very simple addition to equations. It could be added even if Einstein didn't want to make Universe static. So it is a great possibility, that Einstein didn't ...

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The simplified model of the universe used in discussions like this is the FLRW metric. From the tone of your question I'm guessing that you're not looking for a detailed mathemtical treatment, so let me just pull out the equation that answers your question. This is one of the two Friedmann equations: $$\frac{\ddot{a}}{a} = -A\rho + B\Lambda \tag{1}$$ ...

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