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$$He \longrightarrow He^+ +e^- \ \ \ \ \ .....\Delta H_1$$ $$He^+\longrightarrow He^{+2} +e^-\ \ \ \ .......\Delta H_2$$ We know $\Delta H_2$ by the Bohr's model of H-like atom . Ionization energy of a H-like atom with atomic number $Z$ is $\Delta H_2=13.6Z^2/n^2$ ($e^-$ initially in $n^{th}$ orbit) Also, $\Delta H_1 +\Delta H_2=79\text{ eV}$ So, we ...

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You can subtract two beams if they have a well defined relative phase to each other using an interferometer (destructive interference). Of course, energy must be conserved, so the beams will constructively interfere somewhere else (usually a second port on the interferometer). If you don't have a well defined phase relation, then no, two beams of the the ...

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When two or more sources of light combine incoherently (not in any fixed phase relation), you can only "add", and that's intensity (power) - electromagnetic field "squared" and averaged, in the appropriate sense. When you have control over phase relations between two beams, yeah, sure you "add" the two at some point. To "subtract" all you need to do is ...

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You are seeing the wave-like nature of matter. The atoms aren't completely isolated to a specific location and they exhibit wave properties. The rings around the atoms are the result of electron scattering off of the probability wave of the atom. The details of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) may help. The wave effect can be reinforced via ...

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A hydrogen atom ion $H^{+}$, with an atomic mass number of A=1, charge number Z=1, is the same as a proton. A hydrogen ion thus usually just refers to a proton. Depending on context, however, you may also have a hydrogen ion which is (a) an ion of a deuterium atom, in which case it is a bound state of a neutron and a proton, with atomic mass number A=2, ...

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