All Questions

591 views

Cubic Gaussian Surface For Evaluating Electric Flux

i'm working through some problem sets about Gauss' law and all the examples I have come across so far require the use of a spherical gaussian surface for a point charge, so that it is possible to say ...
303 views

Degenerate perturbation theory applied to topological degeneracy?

Consider a quantum system described by a gapped Hamiltonian $H_0$ with degenerate ground states (GS), adding a perturbation term $V$ to $H_0$, then the low-energy physics can be described by an ...
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Higgs mechanism and neutral fields

Consider a Lagrangian $L(\phi,A_{\mu})$ with $\phi$ being some scalar field and $A_{\mu}$ some dynamical U(1) gauge field that minimally couples to $\phi$. Under a global U(1) symmetry the field ...
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Calculate the effective linear attenuation coefficient of a megavoltage multi-energetic beam

Are you aware of a method or source for calculating the effective linear attenuation coefficient,$\mu_\text{eff}$, of a megavoltage multi-energetic beam ? For a mono-energetic beam one could use the ...
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Wave Function Integral I need help conceptually and Mathematically

$$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{\partial^2\bar{\psi}}{\partial{x^2}}\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial{x}}~dx.$$ I have read that this is equal to Zero. Only problem is that what I am reading about doesn't ...
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Energy expended in moving point charge in E field. Having trouble understanding an excerpt from E&M textbook

To move charge from one point to another in an electric field, the force which we must apply is equal and opposite to the force due to the field. (Quoted from Engineering Electromagnetics by ...
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Temperature in a Voltaic Cell

The potential difference across a voltaic cell varies with temperature. But my question is whether the voltage increases or decreases as temperature rises. According to the Nernst equation, the two ...
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Acceleration of electric charges and radiation

According to classical electromagnetic theory, accelerated charges should emit radiation and lose energy. The reason given in my book why atoms don't emit radiation (say, when the atom moves along a ...
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Interpretation of red shift

We see light as having travelled in a straight line from stars or galaxies light years away from us. However it's path is more likely of multiple curves as a result of gravity along the journey ...
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Resonance and a tuning fork

I carried out this experiment in class: I struck a tuning fork with a hammer. The sound lasted for some time. However, when I connected the tuning fork onto a wooden sounding box, the sound lasted ...
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Can a $TEM_{00}$ beam incident on a confocal cavity along its optical axis excite modes other than $TEM_{00}$ in the cavity?

Can a $TEM_{00}$ beam incident on a confocal cavity along its optical axis excite modes other than $TEM_{00}$ in the cavity? If not, is the FSR of the confocal cavity $\frac{c}{2L}$ in this case, ...
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Free electron gas in two dimensions

Can someone give a qualitative description on why the density of states for a two dimensional free electron gas is independent of energy while it is not in one and three dimensions? In one dimension ...
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Center of mass of a cylinder from which liquid is flowing out

A cylindrical container is of mass M, radius R and height H. The cylinder is filled with a liquid of density D. The base of the cylinder has an outlet tap of radius r through which the liquid can flow ...
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Normalizing the sum of wavefunctions and calculating probabilty - understanding concepts

A state of a particle bounded by infinite potential walls at x=0 and x=L is described by a wave function $\psi = a\phi_1 + b\phi_2$ where $\phi_i$ are the stationary states. So let's say we want to ...
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$U(1){\times}U(1)$ local gauge invariance derivative

In QED and the basic Higgs mechanism, there is a local gauge transformation where a scalar field $\phi$ is transformed as: $e^{i\theta\eta(x)} \phi$ The partial derivative of this however makes the ...
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In what sense do Goldstone bosons live in the coset?

Goldstone's theorem says that if a group, $G$, is broken into its subgroup, $H$, then massless particles will appear. The number of massless particles are given by the dimension of the coset, $G/H$. ...
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Could Charles-Augustin de Coulomb measure the charge in Coulombs?

Did Charles-Augustin de Coulomb know: Coulomb's constant Coulomb (as a unit) if not then what was the first time it was measured?
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Can a force applied to a wheel find the fastest way of getting to the other side?

I haven't studied much about this, so if I am mistaken about something please correct me. From what I have seen around the Internet, a force applied to a object takes time to propagate through the ...
184 views

How camera flash can send information

Nikon have CLS a system that allow to trigger one flash with other flash. I don't know how exactly it work from user point of view, I think that one flash (in command mode) can send information like ...
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Is there a technical term for “meaningfulness” of mathematical operations?

Is there a technical term for "meaningfulness" of mathematical operations? For example, adding vectors that represent forces has a meaning regardless of the coordinate frame, but an elementwise ...
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How would one determine how old a black hole is?

Would different observers agree on the age? Or is this question nonsensical? e.g. what's north of the north pole? There are ways of estimating the ages of stellar bodies using various methods but is ...
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A small technical explanation of nuclear energy [closed]

I don't know if this is the place to ask this kind of questions but I'm sure you guys can help me. I'm looking for a small (4 pages max.) technical explanation of nuclear energy, preferably of an ...
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How can I apply Conservation of Energy in electromagnetism?

How can I apply C.O.E to a system that applies magnetic & electric fields at the same time to do work, and convert energy from one form to another? Let assume we have a conductor that moves ...
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There are two headlight of car. One having a light bulb between two concave mirrors (one mirror behind and other infront of bulb), and the other type of light only have one concave mirror behind the ...
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Cosmological constant doubts

I have read about cosmological constant given by einstein in universe in nutshell as well as in general and special relativity. But still I am not able to understand the aim to use it or to introduce ...
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“Derivation” of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

The question I outline below is my textbook's "derivation" of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. The "derivation" my textbook uses involves wave packets. Suppose there are seven waves of ...
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What is the meaning behind the neutrino oscillation parameter?

As far as I can tell, there are 6 parameters that describe how a neutrino oscillates: 2 mass squared differences, 3 mixing angles and another parameter I don't understand at all (delta). Thus I have ...
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Does the energy-time uncertainty principle require energy levels to have finite width?

The uncertainty principle also has the form: $\Delta$$E$$\Delta$$t>h/2\pi$ Now this should mean that the thickness of the lines we draw in the energy level diagrams to show energy change undergone ...
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Can weakness of gravity explore new dimensions

Since gravitational force is weakest force out of the four fundamental fources at the microscopic level. Is it possible that gravitational force is strong in a particular direction at a new ...
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What is the difference between a puff of air and a sound wave regarding creation and propagation?

While watching a Schlieren video of a hand clapping, I noted a very distinct difference between a sound wave and a puff of air, which were both created by a hand clapping. What is the difference ...
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Why don't we substitute for $p$ in $E = pc$?

See, the energy of a photon is given out by $E = pc = hv$ why don't we substitute for $p$ in $E ^2= p^2 c^2 + m^2 c^4$ by putting $p = \gamma mv$ and then get a value for $m$ (which will be $0$ for a ...
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Movement with non-constant acceleration [duplicate]

Suppose we have a material point. If it is moving from position $X_0$ with initial velocity $V_0$ and constant acceleration $A$, then from elementary physics course I remember that its movement is ...