# All Questions

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### Can a neutrino act as a virtual particle between two electrons to mediate an electron-electron fermonic interaction?

Can a neutrino act as a virtual particle between two electrons to mediate electron-electron fermonic interaction analogous to how a photon acts as a virtual particle between two electrons to mediate a ...
77 views

### Attraction & Lorentz force, at the same time?

If a conductor carrying current is placed inside a magnetic field, we know that there is the Lorentz force pushing the wire. But what about the attraction force between the wire's field and the magnet/...
257 views

### help with absolute pressure to gauge pressure derivation steps

I would like some help with the explicit math steps to go from equation 2 to 3. These equations are presented in a paper that I am reading. I will show where these equations came from and my attempt ...
533 views

### When Fire meets Water

To preface, I am not a scientific mind, but a writer looking for some validity to a possible scene. That being said, please forgive me! In my scene, huge masses of fire are raining from the sky and ...
292 views

### How powerful would an explosion have to be for its effects to be felt worldwide?

If an explosion were to occur at any point on earth, how powerful would that explosion have to be for it to be audible or otherwise detectable by every person on the planet? Detection could mean ...
134 views

### Lagrangian Systems

Given a manifold $M$, Arnold's "Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics" defines a Lagrangian system as a pair $(M,L)$ where $L$ is some smooth function on the tangent bundle $TM$. The function $L$...
526 views

### Has anyone developed tunable notch filters in the visible RGB wavelengths which have very fast response times?

I am interested in whether the combination of a spectrometer and a tunable notch filter with notch frequencies at the visible red, green and blue wavelengths which have very fast response times could ...
285 views

### What algorithms can be used to compute the binodal in a ternary Flory-Huggins theory?

What are the most popular algorithms used to obtain a binodal curve for the ternary mixture (starting from Flory-Huggins theory)? I would like to obtain a plot similar to the one calculated here http:...
111 views

### Electromagnetic waves and boundaries

I am reading about dielectric boundaries and electromagnetic plane waves following griffiths ch7. When considering a boundary at z=0 with electric fields perpendicular to the plane of incidence it ...
367 views

### Quantum symmetries that are not classical symmetries

An anomaly is a symmetry of the classical action that fails to be a symmetry of the path integral, due to non-invariance of the path integral measure. Does it ever occur that the opposite thing ...
498 views

### How does angular momentum transfer between a planet and its moon?

Could you explain how a moon draws angular momentum from a planet? I know that the gravitational force transfers momentum, but I don't understand the mechanics behind it.
331 views

### Proof of Connected Diagrams

If $Z[J]$ is the generating functional for the path-integral, could any prove (or more reasonably, refer me to a proof) that $$W[J]\equiv\frac{\hbar}{i}\log\left(Z[J]\right)$$ "generates" only ...
107 views

### Is Gravitational Red shift equal to $mgh$

Is gravitational shift - $\frac{gh}{c^2}$ (according to pound-rebka experiment) always equal to $PE=mgh$? because assume the gravitational pull, $g$, is equal to $1$ then we can say $g = 1$ similarly ...
199 views

### How did the universe get so big so fast? [duplicate]

The universe started at the big bang around 15 billion years ago. The universe is now at least 92 billion light-years in diameter. Together, don't these mean that the universe, at some time in the ...
60 views

### How can momentum changes from individual collisions be considered as a whole?

I have a question about deriving the equation of kinetic theory of ideal gas $$PV=\frac{1}{3} Nmc_r^2$$ where $N$ is number of atoms, $c_r$ is root mean square of atom speed and $m$ is mass of one ...
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### Is this “cloaking in time” serious and what is really meant?

I just found this news article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v481/n7379/full/nature10695.html What did those researchers actually do? The article itself doesn't sound to me like it can be ...
28 views

### Optics - Derivation of Linear Magnification of Lens without Sign Convention [duplicate]

In some posts in this forum I've read that sign convention in optics is useful for making formula memorizing easier, and that we have to use sign convention again while applying the formulae to ...
89 views

### Maximum density that we can store information

I was informed that: There is a maximum density at which we can store information. For a sphere with surface area A, the maximum information that can be contained within is equivalent to the ...
31 views

### Is gravitational acceleration less affected by relativistic mass increase? [duplicate]

Acceleration due to mechanical force will lessen due to relativistic mass increase as kinetic energy becomes significant near c. But if acceleration is gravitational, the gain in relativistic mass ...
998 views

### Do we hear sounds differently on the highest mountains?

Some searching gives that above 6,000 meter altitude the air density is less than half of that at sea level. Speed of sound is about 15-20% slower and "acoustic impedance" seems to change too. Do ...
207 views

### Why does absorption cause seismic pulses to increase in length over distance?

The specific question I'm trying to answer is "How does the progressive loss of higher frequencies in a propagating seismic pulse lead to an increase in pulse length?" I understand how the higher ...
53 views

### Gravitational lens to illuminate a planet?

I've been involved in a Internet debate: Is it possible to have a special cosmic configuration consisted of multiple bodies such that a planet's surface can be lit up by light focused by ...
72 views

### How should two particles accelerate to have their separation Lorentz-contract?

Suppose we have two particles with initial separation of $|x_2^\text{init}-x_1^\text{init}|=d$. At time $t=0$ they start accelerating with proper acceleration of $w$. Then position of the $i$th ...
186 views

### Could the singularity that gave rise to our universe be past-eternal?

Are there any compelling models that include a past eternal singularity that ultimately gave rise to our universe? Does the "no-boundary" hypothesis that utilizes imaginary time have past eternal ...
50 views

### Long string model of black hole

I wonder if anyone can advise me literature about "long string model" of black hole. I've tried Google, and of course arXiv.org. Still I couldn't find anything about this theme. I would be also very ...
3k views

### What is the difference between negative acceleration and decreasing acceleration?

According to Reisnick and Halliday, retardation is the acceleration in the negative direction of time axis ie. opposite to the motion. Decreasing accleretion is the decrease in the magnitude of time ...
104 views

### What is the linear and rotational motions generated by a force not on the CG?

Given a force that is applied to a free body, not directly towards, or away from the centre of gravity, how would you calculate the amount of linear and rotational velocities generated, as the farther ...
506 views

### If virtual particles have negative mass why do they contribute positive mass to atoms?

According to Lawrence Krauss, atoms containing in our body consists of merely 10% (if I remember correctly) of our total mass. The rest come from virtual particles popping in and out of existence from ...
147 views

### Reflection from multiple thin films: accounting for lost light due to small surface area

I have a problem similar to reflection of multiple thin films. I have light coming in from medium 1 and I want to find the total reflected intensity after being reflected inside 2 layers. However, I ...
399 views

### Is it possible to design a large permanent magnet that creates a multi-Tesla field?

Is it ever possible to create a LARGE magnet (in meters wide/long) that could potentially create a powerful magnetic field?
18k views

### Supersymmetry vs multiverse

I'm a complete noobe in physics and quite honestly need help. My question is simple, based on CERN's tentative findings stating the Higgs boson at a mass of ~125 GeV: Is the physics community leaning ...
177 views

### How can I actually use the BB84 protocol?

I have read how the BB84 protocol could work. However, I couldn't see a way to implement it in the laboratory, so that I could make a demonstration in the university's quantum optics laboratory. ...
1k views

### Efficiency of reversible engines

I'm a little confused about something. All reversible engines have the same efficiency, or one could drive the other to move more heat in the reverse direction. Also, no engine has an efficiency ...
559 views

### Suggested reading for classical field theory [duplicate]

I am reading a marvelous book Classical Field Theory by E Soper, but it is mathematically too compact and sometimes I am unable to follow the equations. Can anyone suggest a side book for solution of ...
177 views

### How to define the thermodynamic temperature

I've been reading derivations of the thermodynamic temperature scale. I'm assuming these are using Kelvin's method. I follow the math and the conclusion of the argument, but I don't understand how it ...
40 views

### Canonical transformation that contains the time as an explicit parameter

On the Page 385 of Goldstein's Classical Mechanics book (third edition), it starts to talk a bout the canonical transformation with time as an explicit parameter. But I don't quite under understand ...