# All Questions

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### Rms value of rectified output from a half wave rectifier

The rms value of an alternating quantity which is the input to a half wave rectifier is $\frac{I_{max}}{\sqrt2}$. Then the rms value of output should be $\frac{I_{max}}{2} \sqrt 2$. But it is given ...
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### Ampere's Law and Wires?

For a current carrying wire, the magnetic field $B$ is given by: $$B = \frac{u_oI}{2\pi r}$$ Is this only valid for a cylindrical wire?
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### What happens to gas molecules after Ionization?

I know that gas molecules conduct electricity after they get ionized but what will happen if we keep increasing the voltage even after ionization? Will it explode? If it will then how much energy ...
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### How to get conductivity from Green function $\mathcal{G}(x_1,x_2,\tau)$ of inhomogeneous system?

I'd like to study an inhomogeneous system, i.e., momentum is not a good quantum number therein. Therefore, I tried to calculate temperature Green functions like $\mathcal{G}(x_1,x_2;\tau)$, or its ...
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### Do particles rotate around themselves or they just move while the object rotates?

In this question, I'm not talking about particle spin. I guess, when an object rotates, its atoms also rotate. When an atom rotates, its particles must move in space. I wonder that if the particles ...
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### What is the meaning of electrons cancelling each other?

I'm trying to understand, why magnets attract certain metals but not objects made out of paper, plastic etc., And the answer I got is 'in paper, electrons cancel each other'. What does it mean?
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### Two suns, one moon, and one planet?

I have a question about how would seasons and the moon cycle be affected in a system where one planet orbits Sun #1, and Sun #1 orbits a second sun. Online I found this description: "Type II: ...
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### What does non magnetic and nonconducting mean in reflection and transmission of waves?

So, we were ask to consider the Fresnel Equations for parallel and perpendicular waves (with index of refractions). Then, we are ask to prove some equations in which "... for nonmagnetic ...
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### Electrons scatter light; x-ray diffraction

why accelerated electrons "scatter" light? From Yale's chemistry open class, the professor said when a light passes by an electron, it "pulls" the electron up and down, and emit radiation in all ...
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### find distance using a light line

Let's suppose we have a particular light frequency emitter and relative sensor array, and that there is no external source of this light. This emitter has a know angle respect the receiver, and emit ...
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### What is concept of temperture in ion trap?

As only several thousands of particles are holding in the ion trap, how can we understand the temperature?
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### A vertical variation of modern versions of Michelson-Morley

For almost a year now, I have been in the uncomfortable position of having an idea. However, there is one nice thing about this idea. It makes a concrete, exact and relatively easy to test physical ...
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### Drift speed of electrons when the object is grounded

So I know that the drift speed of electrons is usually pretty slow. Let's say I have a charged sphere and I would ground it over a wire. How fast would the electrons leave the sphere? Would that drift ...
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### Atomic nearest neighbor notation

I recently got a correction to a paper that I am writing. The correction references a section in which I talk about nearest neighbors. The comment says: Do you mean NN, NNN, etc., or NN, 2NN, 3NN? ...
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So in my last question, @joshphysics showed me how to prove $K_\pm$ were ladder operators. Now I need to show that there is a lowest state, i.e $$\langle m_0|K_+=K_-|m_0\rangle=0$$ I am not ...
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### Limits of Poisson's ratio in isotropic solid

For an isotropic solid, Poisson's ratio can be expressed in terms of stiffness constants as: $$\sigma = \frac{c_{11} - 2c_{44}}{2c_{11} - 2c_{44}}$$ Alternatively we may express Poisson's ratio in ...
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### Purely mechanistic description of how gravity causes a gyroscope to precess

I know the vector equation that relates torque to moment of intertia and angular momentum. What I want to know is what physical mechanisms actually occur to keep the gyroscope from falling. Where is ...
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### Work done by isothermal expansion from two different viewpoints

Consider an adiabatic system as follows. It consists of a gas in a container and a piston. Initially, the system is at equilibrium and the gas inside it occupies a volume $V_i$ at a pressure $p_i$ ...
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### Line of action force

The task is to reduce the two forces into a single net force and then find the equation of its line of action. I chose to find the net force and momentum with respect to the origin. The magnitude of ...
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### Is it possible to use induction ampermeter to measure power consumption of electric water heater and dryer?

I hope this practical question is not OT and not too trivial for this forum. I am renting an apartment in a duplex with a shared water heater and dryer. Turns out, both water heater and the dryer are ...
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### Contradiction regarding friction of a rolling cylinder in an inclined plane

I came upon this while wondering whether the friction of a rolling cylinder on an inclined plane depends on the value of friction coefficient. now, $$f\leqq\upsilon N$$ Again after calculating I ...
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### Admixtures of longitudinal and timelike photons!

In the quantization of electromagnetic field the physical states $|\psi\rangle$ are found to obey the following relation: $[a^{(0)}(k)-a^{(3)}(k)]|\psi\rangle=0$ It is explained as the physical ...
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### Psychorometric equation : calculation of dew point

I would like to calculate a dew-point temperature having wet and dry bulb temperatures and atmospheric pressure. I have the equation, but this equation uses following coefficients: A: 6.116441 K: ...
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### What determines the magnitude of force of an electromagnet?

Let's assume that there is an electromagnet with $B = 1 Tesla$ , what is the magnitude of the force it could generate on other dipoles equal to it's surface area? Can the magnitude of force (in ...
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### What arguments are in favour of an atomic structure to space-time?

The atomic theory as first theorised by Democritus has been successfully applied to matter and to energy (quanta). Space-time is still generally seen as a continuum. What arguments are there (if any) ...
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### Are there any non-interpretational arguments in favour of Everetts Many-Worlds?

As far as I understand Everetts Many-Worlds he makes the case for a realist theory of QM at the enormous cost of many-worlds. Are there any arguments in favour of Everetts interpretation that makes ...
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### photon polarization, uncertainty in Energy

A beam of red light is sent along the z axis through a polaroid filter that passes only x polarized light. The beam is initially polarized at 30°, and the total energy is 10 Joules. Estimate the ...
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### Is it true that Macrorealism can be shown false?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggett-Garg_inequality As you can see by the link above, it claims that if the violation of the Leggett–Garg inequality can be demonstrated on the macroscopic scale, it ...
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### Photons and proper time

Why is there no proper time without inertial frame? In question n°95054 I learned that there is no proper time zero and no proper distance zero for photons because they are no inertial frames. That ...
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### Some subtleties in direction of drag force

Consider a body released from a height $h$ and assume a drag force is linearly proportional to the velocity. Then by Newton's Second Law, m\mathbf{\dot{v}} = \mathbf{F_g} + \mathbf{F_{drag}} = ...
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### Maximum potential of a van de graaff generator

I know that we can calculate the maximum potential of a van de graaff generator by ( radius* electric field in which corona discharge begin to form in the surrounding gas( according to wikipedia 30 ...
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### Issue with running a Van De Graaff generator

I am following this online video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsT69XnjxgU but my Van De Graaff generator is not working. I am using pvc pipes for the body, nylon and electrical tape as two rollers, ...
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### Fermi Energy Variation

What would be a good Internet link that would properly explain Fermi Energy? How does the Fermi Energy of a material vary with external influence, such as doping of the material, and applied ...
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### Charging a Capacitor?

How is the charge +q given to the one plate to the capacitor with the help of a battery,does the battery remove electrons from the plate and +ve charge gets accumulated on one plate?Does it? And one ...
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### Import of Celestial Effects on Satellite Radio Interference

Some internet (among other) infrastructure comprises satellites, which beam communications in radio frequencies. These satellites, to ground observers, appear as very small solid angles in the sky. ...
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### Rigid body problem in 2d

I have some questions about this exercise: In an horizontal plane, a $OA$ bar with mass $m$ and length $a$ moves, with another bar $AB$ (same mass, double length) attached in the point A. In the ...
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### Rigid body problem

I have some doubts about the next excercise: A bar of length $2a$ and mass $m$ moves freely with both of its extremes on a ring of radius $\sqrt2a$. The ring can rotate freely in a certain ...
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### Does blackbody radiation works like this?

In a blackbody object the photons are reflected back and forward. If I heat up the the blackbody object with microwaves or other types of photons the electrons in the wall would vibrate. When the ...
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### What cools off faster a square or a disc?

What cools off faster and why, a square (4 right angles, all sides same length)with an area of 100 inches or a disc with an area of 100 inches. The same material and thickness.
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### Is the temperature different and or salinity different can lead to different colour of the water bodies?

I had skimming on an article about Thermocline and Halocline. How can two seas not mix? However, I am still curious on: Why the effect of Thermocline and Halocline are distinguishable based on ...
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### How do Beam Splitter Work?

Are beam splitters probabilistic? If you send one photon at a beam splitter, how is it decided which way the photon will go? How do beam splitters work?
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### Photoelectric Effect, Why can't two quanta interact with an electron at the same time?

I understand that assuming light is quantized implies that if a lower energy interacts with metal, it is possible that that quanta will not have enough energy to eject the electron. What prevents two ...
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### Boundaries of Black Hole and Observable Universe

Are the boundaries of a black hole, the event horizon, similar to the boundary at the end of our observable universe?
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### Acoustic energy loss mechanisms in fluids?

What are the standard mechanisms for acoustic energy loss in a fluid? In particular, what is the limiting factor for sound propagation distance in air at STP?
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### How would one best dissipate or absorb shockwaves and pressure caused by an explosion within a confined space

I am trying to find a way to limit the effect that detonation of an explosive gas, introduced into a confined space would have when detonated. Can one introduce some form of panelized material or ...
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### A well defined quantum probability in the beginning of the universe?

In mathematics or statistics, a well defined probability requires a large sample space. However, in the beginning of the universe, when the first quantum collapse happened, the sample space contains ...
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### How do I figure out the momentum of a water balloon when it reaches the person I am throwing it at?

Recently an experiment was performed in which myself and a partner filled a water balloon and threw it back and forth at each other without breaking it. We gradually increased the distance at which it ...
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### Dielectric constant of water

I need the dielectric constant of water from $10^{-2}$ Hz to $10^4$ Hz. As stupid as it may seem, I cannot find much info. I've googled for days. All I can find is close to GHz. And the only info ...