# All Questions

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### What is the general theory that describes the interactions between strings?

What is the general theory that describes the interactions between strings? I mean the basic object in the theory is (closed) string and they have interactions among them. The string theory, as I ...
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### Interpretation of $\vec{x}$ in QFT

I am still at an early stage of studying Quantum Field Theory (I am reading QFT In A Nutshell by A. Zee). In the book I'm reading, it starts from a discrete lattice of material "lumps" labeled by $a$,...
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### How to calculate Gibbs free energy of diamond?

How the effect of crystal structure on Gibbs free energy is calculated? For example, how the Gibbs free energy of diamond is 2.9 kJ/mol, while that of graphite is 0?
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### How is taking the average of an integral over an interval justified?

I have been studying classical mechanics. Often when going through a worked problem, I see a step where there is an integral from 0 to 2$\pi$ of $\sin^{2} \theta \ d\theta$. Instead of using the ...
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### Units of acceleration & Newton's 2nd Law

I tried to use Newton's second law, $F=ma$, to calculate the acceleration of an object. \begin{align}\frac{F}{m}&=\frac{ma}{m} \\ a&=\frac{F}{m}=\frac{30\,\rm N}{1.2\,\rm kg}=25\rm\frac{N}{kg}...
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### If I squeeze something really hard, will it ever become two-dimensional?

A mosquito just wanted to bite me! Päng - and it stuck to my hand, hardly recognisable anymore. I said to my girlfriend: "Just reduced the dimension of the mosquito by one!" Therefore the question: ...
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### Density matrix formalism and group representation

The postulates of quantum theory can be given in the density matrix formalism. States correspond to positive trace class operators with trace 1 on a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$. Composition is defined ...
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### Does gravity affect magnetism, vice-versa, or do they “ignore” each other?

I am suddenly struck by the question of whether gravitation affects magnetism in some way. On the other hand, gravity is a weak force, but magnetism seems to be a strong force, so would magnetism ...
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### Complex Quantum Wave [closed]

Can the complex nature of quantum wave arise from the fact that particle is represented as wave packet in spatial frequency and particle's total energy is represented as wave packet in time frequency? ...
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### What will happen in principle if one tries to push a neutron star?

When we push an object it moves due to the mutual repulsion between the electrons in our hand and the electrons in that object. Since a neutron star contains only neutrons, what will happen in ...
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### Why can't muons be the carriers of the strong interaction?

The strong forces operate up to range of $10^{-15}$ meters. The calculations for Muon reveal that they can be propagator for distances up to $10^{-14}$ meters. Why can't I ignore the factor of 10 and ...
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### Giant Wind Chimes

I am building large wind chimes out of ALUMINUM TUBES with a D2 at 73.41 hertz as the lowest and two other higher frequencies of A2 at 110 hertz and E3 at 164.8 hertz. I know how to find each length ...
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### Can two electrons get ever so close as to touch each other?

My friend and I were studying for our EM test when we started to think about what happens to the electric field near an infinite line of charge. $$E = \frac{\lambda}{2\pi\rho\epsilon_{0}}$$ As you ...
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### Why static electricity only concentrates and flows on the surface?

Anything insides Faraday Cage or Faraday Suit is protected from Electric Field outside. I don't understand what restricts the flow of free electrons to surface on the cage only? How does that happen? ...
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### Is there a way to tell what centile of the overall sample a star's mass is in?

One hears that hyper-giant stars like Eta-carinae represent the upper bound on stellar mass at about 130 solar masses. At the lower end there are red dwarfs with as little as 0.075 solar mass. You ...
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I'm reading this wikipedia article and I'm trying to understand the proof under "Degeneracy in One Dimension". Here's what it says: Considering a one-dimensional quantum system in a potential $V(... 1answer 43 views ### Simple modelling of seasonal variation of temperature? I'm really curious about this: What is the simplest (or most simplified) differential equation that accounts for the variations of temperature throughout the year at some point on the northern ... 1answer 51 views ### Hydrogen Spectra [closed] I am talking about hydrogen spectral lines such as Lyman, Balmer etc. In order to make those spectral lines series more than one electron are needed to jump from higher orbits to lower orbit. But ... 2answers 160 views ### Handedness of Reference Frames? I am developing a new derivation of the Lorentz transformation which I think and hope is more attractive to students than those I have seen in currently available texts. I am carefully defining and ... 2answers 115 views ### How do photons “decide”? I was reading that when horizontally polarized light hits a vertical Polaroid all the light is blocked out. But when the Polaroid is off the vertical, some but not all photons "decide" to jump into ... 1answer 112 views ### How to carry out the perturbation expansion of an anharmonic oscillator to high orders? I think this is a standard problem in quantum mechanics. Consider the anharmonic oscillator$E \psi = \left(- \frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial^2 x } + \frac{1}{2}x^2 + \epsilon x^4 \right) \...
Two boxes, $A$ and $B$, are connected to each end of a light vertical rope. A constant force of $70.0N$ is applied to box $A$. Starting from rest, box $B$ descends $11.6m$ in $4.40s$ The tension force ...