# All Questions

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### Scattering theory on Schrodinger and Feynman languages

Recently I heard that both of "languages" of scattering theory (formal solution by method of classical scattering theory and its reworking by Feynman with his rules) predict virtual particles. But for ...
98 views

### Why the uncertainty principle can be used for estimation?

It is usually said/done in textbooks and classes that if $\Delta x$ is known then $\Delta p_x$ can be estimated using the uncertainty principle as $\Delta p_x \sim \hbar/\Delta x$. But the ...
52 views

### High-energy scattering matrix a become wilson line

I would like to ask why the scattering matrix $S^{ab}(x)=\left\langle gluon\: b|gluon\: a\right\rangle$ can be approximated for fast particle interacting with a traget field $A^{-}$ by wilson line ...
3k views

### Can a long salt bath increase water retention?

So it's Thanksgiving here in the states and an odd combination of things are on my mind. In the past day, I've Brined a turkey whole, skin on Taken a long epsom salt bath (Same thing, right? What ...
787 views

### Elastic Ball Collision and contact angle

For a project I need to make a good simulation of balls moving around in a space. The project will be without any air drag and without losing energy in bounces. Since there is no way to lose energy ...
108 views

### Gravitational field of a particle in SR

According to special relativity, what is the gravitational field due to a particle moving with a constant velocity v? Would it be correct to assume that the particle has a stronger gravitational field ...
652 views

### Math needed for undergrad Statistical Mechanics/Thermal Physics

A professor recommended me to take a course on Statistical Physics as preparation for agent-based computing in social sciences. Now I have no experience in physics beyond basic highschool, and ...
196 views

### On the singularity $r=0$ of the Schwarzschild metric

I faced following sentences: Unlike the co-ordinate singularity at $r = 2M$, the origin of the Schwarzschild metric $r = 0$ has a true curvature singularity. It was first believed that this ...
791 views

### Archimedes' principle for two liquid layers

Problem: I have a cylindrical vessel of height $H$ and radius $R$. There are two liquid layers in the vessel. The first has density $D_1$ and height $h_1$, the second has density $D_2$ and height ...
115 views

### Faradays law for a falling magnet

If experimentally it can be proven that the velocity of a falling magnet through a coil is proportional to the emf induced, has it also been proven that dB/dt is proportional to the emf induced and ...
209 views

### Charge of the muon

In the Wikipedia article of Muon, it says ...with unitary negative electric charge of roughly -1 and a spin of 1/2, What are they trying to convey with the "roughly"? Aren't the allowed values ...
557 views

### What's the importance of conformal transformations in general relativity?

I tried to understand the importance of conformal transformations in general relativity, but I failed. I didn't see that conformal transformations help to simplify the metrics, and also I didn't see ...
361 views

### Conservation of Angular Momentum and linear velocity

I have a problem where a cylinder is moving on a horizontal surface, starting with velocity $v_0$. It is given that its radius is $10\text{cm}$, its mass is $200\text g$ and the coefficient of ...
1k views

### Angular momentum of a translating and rotating body

If a rod is rotating about one end, does it have pure rotation or do you also consider the translation of centre of mass when calculating its angular momentum? Also, how would one calculate the ...
388 views

### Conservation of Hamiltonian vs Conservation of Energy

What is the difference between conservation of the Hamiltonian and conservation of energy?
362 views

### gauge invariance of the Feynman amplitudes

When we calculate the photon polarization sums over amplitudes, $$X=\sum\limits_{r=1}^{2}|\mathcal M_r|^2=\mathcal M_\alpha\mathcal M_\beta^*\sum\limits_{r=1}^{2}\epsilon_r^\alpha\epsilon_r^\beta$$ ...
880 views

### Whats left at the center of the Universe after Big bang?

If you consider big bang. According to that What's left at the center of universe where the Big bang occured?
141 views

### Air insulation cavity depth: rule of thumb to avoid convection

I want to know more about optimising an air gap between two surfaces, such as window panes or a building's walls. I was taught that as a general rule, a 6cm air gap is the optimum. Any larger and ...
179 views

### What is the true electric potential at the terminals of a battery?

I recently studied Laplace's equation and numerical methods for solving it, and so I'm trying to simulate an electron gun. (assuming cylindrical symmetry on the Wehnelt, anode, and beam.) The setup ...
142 views

### How many years would it take the Pioneer space probe to travel to Proxima Centauri with its current speed? [closed]

Pioneer space probe moving at a speed of $30km/s$. Assuming its heading for Proxima Centauri, which is situated at $4.2ly$ from earth, calculate how long it would take to get there in years, to the ...
214 views

### Illegal gauge condition in electrodynamics

Just a quick sanity check here: I'm preparing a tutorial for a class on classical electrodynamics and I wanted to show an example of a gauge condition which leads to a contradiction, so I simply ...
307 views

### Azimuthal quantum number $\ell$ and magnetic quantum number $m$ are from angular momentum?

Azimuthal quantum number $\ell$, and magnetic quantum number $m$ are defined when we do derivation for $L^2f=\ell(\ell+1){\hbar}^2f$ and $L_zf=\ell{\hbar}f$. This is my own conclusion after studying ...
231 views

### The commutator of scalar field [closed]

I have a real scalar field which is given by the propagator as: $$[\phi(x),\phi(y) ] =\int \frac{d^3 p}{(2\pi)^3} \frac{1}{2E_0} (\exp(-ip\cdot (x-y)) -\exp (ip\cdot (x-y)))$$ And I am asked to show ...
104 views

### Can a quantum state with infinite variance of photon number be found in nature or artificially created?

Suppose we have a quantum state $\rho$ and let's denote the photon number operator $\hat{n}=\hat{a}^\dagger\hat{a}$ where $\hat{a}$ is the annihilation operator. Let mean photon number ...
61 views

### What are the criteria to have rutherford backscattering?

Assuming there is an incident beam(i.e. $p$ or $\alpha$) and a target. How can I be sure if a rutherford backscattering will take place? I know that for high $Z$ it more likely to happen as well as ...
267 views

209 views

### Why does water ($\mathrm{H_2O}$) only have two distinct fluid phases?

Water (and other substances) can exist in many distinct solid phases (with different crystallic micro-structure), but only in two fluid phases - liquid and gaseous, in which the molecules are oriented ...
239 views

### What is the sense of introducing generating functional to the summands of expansion of S-matrix?

Let's have generating functional $Z(J)$: $$Z(J) = \langle 0|\hat {T}e^{i \int d^{4}x (L_{Int}(\varphi (x)) + J(x) \varphi (x))}|0 \rangle , \qquad (1)$$ where $J(x)$ is the functional argument ...
235 views

### Helical Particle Waves? [closed]

[Helical Particle Waves][1] Helical Particle Waves: http://www.heliwave.com/gaasenbeek/spap1.html In the link above someone explains a new theory that explains the general relativity and quantum ...
107 views

### Michelson interferogram white light pattern symmetry

Why is the white light of the interferogram produced by using Michelson Interferometer necessarily symmetric? This is really hard to think.
505 views

### How to prove the raising/lowering indices operation?

I've read this related question, though it didn't satisfy me; I hope this complements it. I know that if I contract a covariant tensor ${A_{\alpha\beta}}$ with a vector ${B^\beta}$, I get some other ...
608 views

### Spinors and Probabilities of Electron-Positron Pair

Question: An electron and positron are moving in opposite directions, and are in the spin singlet state. Two Stern-Gerlach machines are orientated in some ...
324 views

### Smallest number of quantum gates to simulate other gates?

What is the smallest number of Fredkin gates needed to simulate a Toffoli gate? What is the smallest number of Toffoli gates needed to simulate a Fredkin gate? Where the Toffoli's gate is the CCNOT ...
206 views

### Relative velocities of boats and a stone thrown by the boat [closed]

Question: A police boat is chasing a boat with criminals along a straight river by moving against the stream. The speed of the river stream is 3 miles per hour, the speed of the boat with ...
98 views

### How to describe hadron-hadron strong interactions from QCD?

I'm trying to set up the problem of deriving the thermodynamics of hadronic matter. I know how to proceed in the case of an effective description such as mean field (Walecka/linear sigma model) but ...
267 views

### Proof that QCD is the theory describing strong interactions?

I would like to ask what are the experimental evidences that led to the conclusion that QCD is the right theory to describe strong interactions. I know that some of the key point are the decay of ...
297 views

### What is the effect of gravity on gamma rays?

I read an article about a Gamma Ray burst linked to a black hole. How does high gravity fields affect gamma rays?
It's stated probably in all textbooks on many-body functional integrals that operators that satisfy $$\hat{a}^\dagger \hat{a} + \hat{a} \hat{a}^\dagger = 1$$ must have eigenvalues that satisfy  ...