# All Questions

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### What is $\mathcal{N}=2$ QED?

I would like to know is $\mathcal{N}=2$ QED is simply a $\mathcal{N}=2$ theory with gauge group $U(1)$ like in normal QED? If not, exactly what theory is it? Is there some reference for it?
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### Torque on a wire loop from straight wire [closed]

I need to show that the torque on this wire loop is $$N = \frac{\mu_0}{\pi} 2abdII' \frac{(b^2+d^2)\sin(\theta)}{b^4+d^4-2b^2d^2\cos(2\theta)}$$ The where $\theta$, is the angle between the loop ...
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### Angular acceleration - radial & tangential

Since ever I knew that radial (angular acceleration) is equal to $W^2 * R = V^2 / R$ and that the tangential depends in the situation (School physics & calculus). Recently I encountered the ...
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### Probability of Vacuum Fluctuations near Charges

A short, simple enough question, if you know about field theory, which unfortunately I don't. Are vacuum fluctuations more probable near a charge, for example an electron with negative charge? I ...
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### Would Hund's rules still be valid if the electron had spin 3/2?

One of my homework assignments in atomic physics was the following: Given electrons had a Spin of $S = 3/2$, what would be the number of the first 4 noble gasses (complete shells)? The obvious ...
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### Cylinder swinging in a halfpipe [closed]

I'm having a problem while solving this exercise: Consider a cylinder of radius 'a' swinging in a halfpipe whose radius = 10a. Find the equation of motion of the cylinder using the angle $\phi$ ...
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### Learning physics from a strong math background? [closed]

I have a master's degree in operations research and took several PhD level math courses. In particular I'm most familiar with analysis/measure theory, probability theory, and stochastic processes, and ...
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### Calculating electric field using a given magnetic field equation (Maxwell-Faraday law)

The following magnetic field is given (and nothing else is known): $$\begin{cases} B_0 \frac{t}{T} & \quad\quad\quad r < R \\ 0 & \quad\quad\quad r > R \end{cases}$$ I need to ...
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### Calculating time dilation

I'm writing a science fiction story where the protagonist's experience requires long intervals between events. My plan is to put him/her/it on a spaceship between events at an appreciable percentage ...
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### What is the qualitative cause for a driven oscillator to have a max. amplitude during resonance?

The steady-state motion of a driven oscillator is given by;$$x =\underset{\text{amplitude}} {\dfrac{F_0}{m({\omega_0}^2 - {\omega}^2)}} \cos\omega t.$$ As we see, the amplitude becomes maximum when ...
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### Laser output below, just above and way above threshold?

I've been reading up on lasers recently and learnt that within the cavity while the laser light is amplified by the gain coefficient, it loses power due to transmission and absorption. Suppose the ...
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### Photon field interaction

I want to know is there interaction between photon and electric or magnetic field? In other word can I deflect photons by electric or magnetic field? If it is possible, under which condition one can ...
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### Why do certain types of sound seem to fade faster? [duplicate]

I noticed that if I'm playing music in a room and I go into another room or walk further and further, then at some point I can only hear the percussion and the melody to a lesser extent. All the ...
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### Do transformers lose energy?

EDIT: The title should rather be how/why transformers lose energy My idea of a transformer is that it is composed of two separate wire windings around some metal core. The purpose is to ...
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### What is the difference between the phase in molecular orbitals and the actual complex phase component of the wave function?

You often see in atomic and molecular physics texts that bonding occurs between two atomic orbitals when their wave functions are in phase. These pictures often depict the 'phase' as whether or not ...
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### How do I evaluate this general magnetic dipole equation for this given setup?

This shouldn't be too hard a question (mostly focused on vector multiplication) but I'm still not confident in my answer. Basically, I am looking at the force between two magnetic dipoles and using ...
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### Is a planets orbit really a straight line through curved spacetime? [duplicate]

My understanding is that general relativity concludes that gravity isn't real because it does not exist in all frames of reference. Also that mass and energy warp spacetime into a curved geometry. ...
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### How to show flat FRW metric has a time-like conformal Killing vector?

I would like to derive the fact that the flat FRW metric has a time-like conformal Killing vector. Is there an easy way to do this? @ValterMoretti showed how one can do this for metrics with a ...
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### What exactly is a dimension?

How do you exactly define what is and isn't a dimension? I heard somewhere that it is "anything you can move through" but if that is right, why wasn't time and space considered a dimension before ...
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### Potential for particle rolling down slope of arbitrary shape

I've been thinking about how to calculate the potential $V(x)$ of a particle rolling under the force of gravity down some curve, given by $f(x)$ (suppose nonincreasing). My idea was to simply ...
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### What is primitive divergence?

As in the title, what is primitive divergence? How is it distinguished from normal divergence? As a followup, what is a primitive divergent graph in a theory? Some simple examples?
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### If 99% of an atom empty, and our body is made of atoms, does that mean 99% of our body is empty? [duplicate]

If 99% of an atom empty, and if we say that our body is made of atoms stacked together, then why is our body a solid object, rather than 99% hollow. I have one probable answer that I think might be ...
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### Charged black holes and AdS/CFT

People generalize the statements of AdS/CFT correspondence by adding black hole (charged black hole) in the gravity theory to provide the dual gauge theory finite temperature (finite density). I have ...
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### Problem with momentum values in a QM problem

I have the following equation of $Ψ$ around a ring (the particle is bound to move only on the ring): To visualize the state(it dies before L/2 if L=2πR): We can see from the first picture that ...
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### Elementary particles that make up an atom

How many real elementary particles (not hypothetical) make up an atom or can be in an atom?
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### Is this definition of orthohelium and parahelium incorrect?

"One electron is presumed to be in the ground state, the 1s state. An electron in an upper state can have spin antiparallel to the ground state electron ($S=0$, singlet state, parahelium) or ...
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### How is Green function in many-body theory introduced?

Normally, for a (linear) operator $L$ and a DE $$Lu(x) = f(x)$$ the Green function is defined as $$LG(x,s) = \delta(x-s)$$ and it is found that $$u(x) = \int G(x,s) f(s) ds$$ is the ...
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### How can bubble collision happen if there is no space and time outside the universe?

The question is almost self-explanatory. What I am trying to say is that if there are no space-time outside our universe, how does collisions even happen. I am having a hard time explaining this ...