# All Questions

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### Does Newton's law and Quantum mechanics also apply for the matter which is not dead?

The following quote is extracted from the book "The Field-The quest for the secret force": ...There was other, quite practical, unfinished business with quantum theory. Bohr and his colleagues ...
521 views

### Light has a wave particle duality, how do we know?

I've been told my whole life that light is either a wave or a particle. When it's traveling through space, it's a wave. When it hits a wall, or a photo-sensitive chemical strip or something similar, ...
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### logarithm of ideal gas law

This question is about taking the logarithm of the ideal gas law. In a fluids text book the author writes: First recall a couple of ideal gas relationships involving potential temperature, ...
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### Earthing of conductors [closed]

Can anyone please explain me the process of earthing of a spherical conductor in detail. I am aware about the basic idea of earthing but I am not able to understand and visualize it properly.
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### Increase path length for a photon with two mirrors vs optical fiber

Is it possible to build two mirrors in vacuum such that a light pulse (single photon) gets refleted many times in order to increase the distance it travels? For example like that? Say I want the ...
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### Does the the quantum field theoretic process of particle–antiparticle annihilation break the axioms of Special Relativity?

$\textbf{Note that this diagram hasn't anything to do with the question directly.}$ After a particle and its antiparticle annihilate, their energy is converted into a force carrier particle, such ...
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### The Great Atomic Clock of Kansas

It is said that astronauts on the ISS experience time slightly slower than the rest of us. (I believe that the lesser gravitational field would increase their rate of time, so that affect must be ...
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### Gravitational force and time dilation [closed]

Suppose the radius of the earth is reduced by half but the mass is same, then how long will it take to complete one rotation, 24, 48, 12 or 6 h.? please give the mathematical relations and solution. ...
227 views

### How to get rotational speed after disk-disk collision with friction?

Assume two circular disks A and B collide. They have both initial linear momentum and angular momentum. If their surface has no friction, their angular velocity does not change after collision, so I ...
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### Why the initial spectrum of perturbation of inflation must be Gaussian?

Why the initial spectrum of perturbation of inflation must be Gaussian? I heared it was because of Central Limit theorem. But I don't know how use this theorem explicitly in this question to get this ...
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### Calculate Potential Gravity Energy converted when star collapses [closed]

We want to calculate how much gravitational potential energy converts to heat, when the star has no nuclear fusion, the gravity will cause the star to shrink in nano seconds. Now assuming the Sun ...
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### What happens at the subatomic level when energy is added to an atom?

For the sake of simplicity I shall use the hydrogen atom. I know that adding energy to the hydrogen atom means bombarding it with photons. I am curious about what happens to the quarks and electron of ...
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### Coupled Spring System (3 mass 3 springs)

Hello I am having trouble trying to find the correct model for this coupled spring system. The scenario is the following we have: Ceiling - Spring - Mass(1) - Spring(2) - Mass(2) - Spring (3) - ...
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### Magnetic needles in elastic media

I am studying a system with magnetic needles in a elastic media. The (two-dimensional) system is composed of $N$ magnetic needles distributed in an elastic matrix with Young's modulus is $E$. The ...
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### Why doesn't the number of space dimensions equal the number of time dimensions?

It seems as though symmetry is a driving force behind theoretical physics. With symmetry in mind, should we expect that the number of time dimensions should be the same as the number of spatial ...
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### Interesting Hamiltonian System

The definition of a Hamiltonian system I am working with is a triple $(X,\omega, H)$ where $(X,\omega)$ is a symplectic manifold and $H\in C^\infty(X)$ is the Hamiltonian function. I am wondering if ...
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### What's the difference between correlation functions and S-matrix, and between in-in formalism (or “closed time path formalism”) and in-out formalism?

I was reading the "in-in" formalism (or "closed time path formalism" used in condensed matter physics) in cosmology created by Schwinger in 1961, and there is a saying： "they care about correlation ...
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### Infinite number of universes? Black holes are guilty? [closed]

I was thinking, if the space is infinite, what if there are infinite number of spaces, inside our universe? I mean, everyone knows that black holes exist, but nobody knows what happens when you get ...
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### Showing that Coulomb and Lorenz Gauges are indeed valid Gauge Transformations?

I'm working my way through Griffith's Introduction to Electrodynamics. In Ch. 10, gauge transformations are introduced. The author shows that, given any magnetic potential $\textbf{A}_0$ and electric ...
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### Can I calculate the current of any setup with capacitance by the same formulae?

There are known formulae relating a capacitor's voltage and current in its classic form (battery, wires, a capacitor circuit), but what if we had a charged plate (-ve), then we put on one of its ...
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### EMF due to self-inductance? [closed]

I'm trying to calculate the induced $-V$ in a DC circuit when current starts to flow, and reaches it's maximum value. The inductance of the conductor is 1000nH it carries large amounts of current ...
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### Invariance under charge conjugation… Or not?

I have read some paper which says that the electroweak Lagrangian includes these terms like $\bar{\psi} \gamma_a\gamma_5\psi$ and $\bar{\psi} \gamma_a \psi$. They violate charge conjugation symmetry. ...
132 views

### How are electromagnetic waves differentiated?

I would like to know how the signals for remote controlled cars, radios, etc.. That use radio waves are told apart from each other. I know that the radio waves are modulated to encode data and the ...
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### Spin dependent Andreev refelction

What happens with the spin in Andreev reflection process ? The simple Bogoliubov - De Gennes equation for hole and electron does not contain information about the spin. I know there are some ...
120 views

### Travelling at/over speed of light, I fire a laser in front of me. What happens to the light from the laser? [closed]

For a moment, assume that travel at/over the speed of light is possible, and we fire a laser in front of us, what happens to the light emitted from the laser? Would the photons scatter, or would the ...
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### Wavelength and Frustum shaped resonant cavity

Given a right conical frustum resonator top radius r, bottom radius R and height h, what is the relationship of the wavelength w that we wish to create resonance with, to r, R, and h? Assume for now ...
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### Chiral Anomaly in Massless QED

Classical massless QED has axial current conservation. When quantizing the theory, we expect that suddenly $\partial_\mu \hat{j}^{\mu5}\neq0$ (as an operator equality). I have two questions regarding ...
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### A confusion about notation in Goldstein

On treating systems of particles, Goldstein starts with the consideration that whenever there are $k$ particles on a system, the $i$-th one obeys the relation \dfrac{d}{dt}{\bf p}_i = {\bf ...
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### Misner String Singularity

In correspondence to AdS black hole solutions, what does it mean by Misner string singularities? And when there are no Misner string singularities, what does this mean in terms of curvature ...
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### For which temperatures are the ENDF cross-sections given?

In ENDF there are cross-sections given for different types of nuclear interactions. For example, this file gives the cross-sections for different neutron energies. However, it is not clear, which ...
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### What exactly is a virtual displacement in classical mechanics?

I'm reading Goldstein's Classical Mechanics and he says the following: A virtual (infinitesimal) displacement of a system refers to a change in the configuration of the system as the result of any ...
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### Rotating platform with pulleys and stacked blocks

This was a practice test question. Consider the following figure. (If the frictional coefficients are unclear, between A and B we have $k_1 = 0.3$, B and platform is $k_2 = 0.2$. If you further ...
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### Why do ferromagnetic materials channel magnetic field lines?

I have read that the total magnetic field of a ferromagnet, $\vec{B} = \mu_0\vec{H}+\mu_0\vec{M}$ where $\vec{H}$ is an external magnetic field and $\vec{M}$ is the magnetic field of the ferromagnet ...
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### Potential Energy Concept

Imagine a book that we lift it with a force that is exactly equal to the force of gravity so the forces cancel out and the book moves with a constant velocity. Consider the situation after the book ...
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### What is electron hole? Isn't it just an absence of electron? [duplicate]

I was reading Wikipedia article about impact ionization and there's something in it's definition that makes me wonder: Impact ionization is the process in a material by which one energetic charge ...