# All Questions

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### How does optical phase modulation produce photons with different frequencies?

The classical description of electro-optic modulators is an index of refraction that depends on the applied voltage. For example, for a sine modulation $\sin(\Omega t)$, a monochromatic laser of ...
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### What are the consequences of relativistic angular velocities?

If I take a rod of some radius $r$ and length $L$, and I spin this rod with angular velocity $\omega$. How would the geometry of the rod appear to an observer as one converges to $c$? What are the ...
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### How does moving charges produce magnetic field?

I'm tutoring High school students. I've always taught them that: A charged particle moving without acceleration produces electric as well as magnetic field? It produces electric field because ...
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### Why doesn't this equation for orbital motion change with position in the orbit?

The question and answer are on pg.8-10 of this PDF: At first, I went through it, thinking nothing of it. But then, I wondered: "What if we picked a final state in which the space junk was NOT at ...
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### Finding Electric Field outside a Charged Cylinder

I'm trying to solve a problem that involves finding the electric field due to a uniformly cylinder of radius $r$, length $L$ and total charge $Q$. Well, my thought was: if I am to use Gauss' Law, I'll ...
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### Are Colors Emitted at Specific Temperatures?

There are quite a few nagging questions I have been having over the years, I do not require a full explanation, just some guidance in my assumptions and pointers if I am very wrong. My basic ...
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### Relativistic Lagrangian transformations

I need to study the relativistic lagrangian of a free particle. It's $\ L= - m c^2 \sqrt[2]{1- \frac{|u|^2}{c^2}}$ I need to study the translation, boost and rotation symmetry. I say it doesn't ...
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### What is the coefficient $\mu_\text{air}$?

I am answering some exercises in thermodynamics, and I am still in trouble with some values and constants. In the exercise, it is given: $\mu_\text{air}=1.8\cdot10^{-5}~\text{kg/m s}$. What for is ...
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### Equivalent RC circuit to a RRC circuit?

I'm in doubt about a situation that I've seen sometimes: imagine we have a resistor in parallel with a resistor and a capacitor in series. Since I don't know how to generate figures of circuits to ...
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### Why is the temperature zero in the ground state?

This is probably a simple question: I see this claims in many books, but I can't figure a reason why this is true. So my question is why this claim is true: "If we know that the system is in the ...
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### What is the meaning of the concepts of “operator mixing” (and anomalous dimensions) [closed]

I am looking for an explanation about the idea of "operator mixing" and its associated concept about when anomalous dimension has to be thought of as a matrix. For example this idea is slightly ...
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### How to numerically solve a laser driving semi-classical two-level system using Floquet formalism?

Consider the semi-classical laser driving two-level atom, where the laser is treated classically and the atom is treated quantum mechanically. The effect of laser on the atom is a dipole coupling:  ...
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### A double-sided lever and multiple forces [closed]

Assume a double-sided lever where the left arm has a length of a and the right arm has a length of b + c. Please refer to this ...
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### Lowest attenuation at 1550 nm for link lengths in 30-50 km range [closed]

Could someone point me to a reference that features the lowest-possible loss value (as of today) for transmission of light at ~1550 nm? In particular, the typical length of the optical link is in the ...
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### How does the volume change affect an adiabatic process?

A gas consisting of rigid diatomic molecules was initially under standard conditions. Then the gas was compressed adiabatically, 5 times the original volume. Find the mean KE of rotating molecules ...
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### 4 digit Miller Index for a cubic structure?

As the title states, can a Miller index for a cubic structure have 4 digits? If I have a structure with intercepts (2,8,3) on the x-y-z axes respectively, the following Miller index would be (12,3,8), ...
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### Is this 2D structure triclinic?

The only rotation axis obvious to me is rotation by 360 degrees, the identity. Vertical mirror planes I've been dicing and cutting it through several planes and I still see none. Yet, the structure ...
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### electrostatic repulsion [closed]

Consider a homogeneous ring of radius $R$ made of a thin wire of cross section $A$ with $R^2≫A$. A charge $Q_1=10\mu C$, uniformly distributed over the ring, broke it apart due to electrostatic ...
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### Indistinguishable particles in quantum mechanics

If you have two particles of the same species , Quantum mechanics says that $\Phi_{m_{1},x_{1},p_{1},m_{2},x_{2},p_{2}}=\alpha\Phi_{m_{2},x_{2},p_{2},m_{1},x_{1},p_{1}}$ But I don't understand why ...
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### Combining two finite number fock spaces into one

Say I have two separate systems of identical Bosons, one with N Bosons the other with M. System one is described by a state $|\psi_1\rangle$ the other with $|\psi_2 \rangle$ which are expressed in a ...
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### Categorizing solutions to Hierarchy problem

We know that no gauge symmetry can prevent a term $m_\phi^2|\phi|^2$ for a scalar field, and that, given the quadratic loop corrections, the natural scale is $m_\phi \sim M_P$. This is related to the ...
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### Historical aspect of wave theory of light

Huygens thought light as a wave. Wave is a propagation of physical disturbance. We now know that light is electromagnetic field. Electric and magnetic field fluctuates here. What Huygens really ...
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### An application of Toeplitz operators

I want to find an application of the Toeplitz operators. All I need is a known problem (not an open problem) which solution use the theory of Toeplitz operators. I don't need all the details but I ...
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### Dividing values with units

I'm reading about the subject of heat in a basic physics book. If I am not mistaken the formula to work out how much energy is required to increase the temperature of water is ...