# All Questions

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### Center of mass of a cylinder from which liquid is flowing out

A cylindrical container is of mass M, radius R and height H. The cylinder is filled with a liquid of density D. The base of the cylinder has an outlet tap of radius r through which the liquid can flow ...
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### Gauge fermions versus gauge bosons

Why are all the interactions particle of a gauge theory bosons. Are fermionic gauge boson field somehow forbidden by the theory ?
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### Mixed state after measurement

I'm looking at Section 2.4.1 of Nielsen and Chuang's Quantum Computation and Quantum Information were they derive the density operator versions of the evolution and measurement postulates of quantum ...
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### Could Charles-Augustin de Coulomb measure the charge in Coulombs?

Did Charles-Augustin de Coulomb know: Coulomb's constant Coulomb (as a unit) if not then what was the first time it was measured?
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### What does it mean to “wrap” a D-brane around some manifold?

I am getting quite confused with this terminology when I read the papers. Like while constructing the near horizon $AdS_3$ in the $D1-D5$ system one considers $IIB$ on $R^{1,4}\times M^4 \times S^1$ ...
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### Higgs mechanism and neutral fields

Consider a Lagrangian $L(\phi,A_{\mu})$ with $\phi$ being some scalar field and $A_{\mu}$ some dynamical U(1) gauge field that minimally couples to $\phi$. Under a global U(1) symmetry the field ...
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### Calculating temperature raise from specyfic heat and energy [on hold]

Im trying to calculate/estimate temperature change of 200g copper device (large shunt resistor) and I'm afraid that I've done something wrong. Here is my data: I = 600 [A] // nominal maximum current ...
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### Photovoltaic IV data

I am looking for any available measured solar-cell datasets (Voltage/Current) especially for organic photovoltaic cells for the testing of a software unfortunately I am unable to get the measured ...
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### Interpretation of red shift

We see light as having travelled in a straight line from stars or galaxies light years away from us. However it's path is more likely of multiple curves as a result of gravity along the journey ...
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### How long does it take for an electric car to go from 0 to 60 mph?

I found the freefall motion equation which describes terminal velocity of a falling body, but I can't find a similar equation for a vehicle subject to constant traction force, so I tried determining ...
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### Wave Function Integral I need help conceptually and Mathematically

$$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{\partial^2\bar{\psi}}{\partial{x^2}}\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial{x}}~dx.$$ I have read that this is equal to Zero. Only problem is that what I am reading about doesn't ...
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### Resonance and a tuning fork

I carried out this experiment in class: I struck a tuning fork with a hammer. The sound lasted for some time. However, when I connected the tuning fork onto a wooden sounding box, the sound lasted ...
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### What is the effect of total internal reflection on polarized light [on hold]

Total Internal Reflection causes phase change of a light beam. I searched for effect on a polarized light beam by Total Internal Reflection but could not find much. I am assuming polarization does not ...
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### Electromagnetic Radiation of Charged particles

This question is motivated by similar one. If an accelerated point charge $q$ radiates with power $W$ then I assume the same particle with charge $-q$ will radiate with the same rate $W$. Now what if ...
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### What is the significance of the branch cut in renormalization group logarithms?

What is the physical significance of the branch cut in renormalization group logarithms? (Is this just an avatar of the optical theorem, or is there something to be understood about these logarithms ...
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### Acceleration of electric charges and radiation

According to classical electromagnetic theory, accelerated charges should emit radiation and lose energy. The reason given in my book why atoms don't emit radiation (say, when the atom moves along a ...
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### Gravity problem [on hold]

If :Two objects of the same mass are situated in diametrically opposite points of Earth’s surface to achieve the time to reach the Moon. These objects belong to the centers of the mentioned celestial ...
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### Why do grapes in a microwave oven produce plasma?

Some of you may know this experience (Grape + Microwave oven = Plasma video link): take a grape that you almost split in two parts, letting just a tiny piece of skin making a link between each ...
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### Is amplitude independent of mass in SHM [on hold]

A block A of mass m is under Simple Harmonic Motion according to x=A $\sin \omega t$. A block B of mass 2m is placed gently on it when A is in the mean position (Assume sufficient friction for no ...
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### Normalizing the sum of wavefunctions and calculating probabilty - understanding concepts

A state of a particle bounded by infinite potential walls at x=0 and x=L is described by a wave function $\psi = a\phi_1 + b\phi_2$ where $\phi_i$ are the stationary states. So let's say we want to ...
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### light entering a black hole's singularity

I already understand that light cannot escape a black hole after passing the event horizon, so please do not explain that to me. What I would like to know is this: a well known fact about light (a ...
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### Can a $TEM_{00}$ beam incident on a confocal cavity along its optical axis excite modes other than $TEM_{00}$ in the cavity?

Can a $TEM_{00}$ beam incident on a confocal cavity along its optical axis excite modes other than $TEM_{00}$ in the cavity? If not, is the FSR of the confocal cavity $\frac{c}{2L}$ in this case, ...
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### Can a submerged capsized vessel be turned into a sort of diving bell and propelled forward like a submarine?

I am writing a story set in the 17th century and have read accounts of such early submarines, however, not much detail is available. If some kid of weights/plummets are attached to the sides of the ...
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### What kinds of materials contract the most in cold temperatures?

I know that water expands in the freezer, but I'm curious about which materials contract in response to cold temperatures --- and most importantly, which ones undergo the most drastic changes?
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### Thermodynamics Assignment: Combustion [on hold]

Acetylene, Methane and Octane are burnt in air (75% Nitrogen, 25% Oxygen) and forms Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen and Water This is the unbalanced equation: C2H2 + CH4 + C8H18 + O2 + N2 ...
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### How fast do electrons travel in an atomic orbital?

I am wondering how fast electrons travel inside of atomic electron orbitals. Surely there is a range of speeds? Is there a minimum speed? I am not asking about electron movement through a conductor.
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### Rocket launch from a mountain

If we were to build a high speed rail up the side of a mountain like in some ScFi movies, what is the velocity needed at the point of living the mountain excluding angular momentum from earth’s ...
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### Strongly coupled electromagnetic force

What would be defining about a strongly coupled electromagnetic force? Would it mean that separating two oppositely charged particles makes another particle-antiparticle pair, rather than continuing ...
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### Is there a technical term for “meaningfulness” of mathematical operations?

Is there a technical term for "meaningfulness" of mathematical operations? For example, adding vectors that represent forces has a meaning regardless of the coordinate frame, but an elementwise ...
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### Why does $H_2$ form on such a long time scale?

If we were trying to figure out the time scale for a gas-phase reaction between two hydrogen atoms in a molecular cloud (which has density $~10^4/$cm$^3$), apparently the reaction would happen on a ...
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### Do exact beta functions exist in (super)gravity theories and string theory?

An exact beta function exists for Super-Yang-Mills theories in 4D without matter - the so-called NSVZ beta function. Does a similar exact beta-function exist in gravity or supergravity theories? In ...
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### How much of Minkowski spacetime structure can be recovered from its causal structure?

A beginner's question: I have always understood that (four-dimensional) Minkowski spacetime can be recovered up to a constant factor—i.e. 'up to a dilation' or 'up to global scale'—from its causal ...
I'm working through an example I have been given to study. Suppose I have a 2m X 4m photovoltaic panel on my roof that is irradiated with a solar flux of $G_s = 700W/m^2$. Given: $\alpha_s = 0.83$ ...