# All Questions

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### The amplitude for a particle to be created/annihilated

In A. Zee's "QFT in a nutshell", there is such a statement about massive spin-1 particles (Chap I.5). The three polarization vectors $\xi^{(a)}_\mu(k)$ are simply the three unit vectors pointing ...
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### Proof that higher genus surface admits a metric of negative Ricci scalar everywhere

In the Green, Schwarz and Witten Superstring Theory textbook, the paragraph below equation 3.3.15 says, For genus greater than one, it can be shown that the surface admits a metric of everywhere ...
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### How many of which particles are in Hawking radiation?

My understanding is that a black hole radiates ~like an ideal black body, and that both photons and massive particles are emitted by Hawking radiation. So for a low temperature black hole, photons are ...
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### Higher moments of the kinetic energy operator in QM

I have set myself the task of studying the kinetic energy $T$ in a quantum mechanical system. For the latter, I use the simple case of the Hydrogen atom in the $n=1$ state. Then the wave function is ...
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### what determines the direction of a single photon

Photon has momentum and energy.assume i am creating a nuclear fusion by fusing hydrogen nuclei into helium and a photon is created.Now which direction does it(single photon) moves or travel?can we ...
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### Quantum Mechanisms for Isotope Fractionation

Are there any quantum properties that would enable isotope fractionation? For example, atoms with odd versus even numbers of neutrons are fermions and bosons, respectively. Has any work been done ...
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### What are the key properties of and differences between classical and quantum statistical mechanics?

I'm studying different ensembles and different statistics (M-B, B-E, F-D), and I have some ambiguities about which of these models are applicable to quantum systems and which are usable for classical ...
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### Electric potential difference from electric field of isolated spherical conductor

I'm wondering if my train of thought is correct. Say you have Point $A$ which is $A$ distance away from the center of an isolated spherical conductor, and Point $B$ which is $B$ distance away from the ...
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### How close would Earth have to be for us to detect it was habitable, and then inhabited?

Given our current technology (or technology that is near implementation), how close would a clone of our Solar System (and so also Earth) have to be to us in order to detect that the cloned Earth was ...
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### $\hat{\imath}$ component of force exerted on an electron by a magnetic field?

The magnetic field over a certain range is given by $\vec{B} = B_x\hat{\imath} + B_y\hat{\jmath}$, where $B_x= 4\: \mathrm{T}$ and $B_y= 2\: \mathrm{T}$. An electron moves into the field with a ...
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### Fresnel Zones-How are they Formed?

How are Fresnel Zones formed? What phenomena of light allow ellipsoid areas to be in phase? I've tried reading articles, but they more or less introduce me to characteristics of light, and then tell ...
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### Point of Lagrange multipliers

I am trying to understand how for a constrained system the introduction of Lagrange multipliers facilitates the incorporation of the holonomic constraints. I am using Classical Mechanics by John ...
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### Oscillation Question [closed]

Now normally (if it was a block not rotating) all you would have to do is use $w^2 = k/m$ and $E= \frac12k(A\cos(2wt+\theta))^2 + \frac12m(Aw\sin(wt+\theta))^2$ or in other words the translational ...
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### Why does a cyclic coordinate reduce the dimension of the cotangent manifold by 2?

Our professor's notes read, "In general, in Hamiltonian dynamics a constant of motion will reduce the dimension of the phase space by two dimensions, not just one as it does in Lagrangian dynamics." ...
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### Is There Any Work Done By Normal Reaction Force even if point of application of force is not getting displaced?

Suppose that I am standing on the ground and I suddenly jump and rise up to any certain height.So accordingly I would have gained some speed i.e. Kinetic Energy during the process of jumping.According ...

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